Atoms and Molecules
What are the 4 types of chemical bonds?
Ion/Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond
Hydrogen Bond
Dipole Bond
Solute vs Solution vs Solvent
A solution: the mixture
Solute: Sodium and Chloride
Solvent: water
A solute dissolves in a solvent resulting in a solution.
What are the 5 functional groups?
Think "Function like a CHAMP"
Carboxyl
Hydroxyl
Amino
Methyl
Phosphate
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
The Golgi apparatus receives proteins and puts them in a vesicle for transportation. (Packages and ships)
What is the difference between the phospholipid bilayers head and tail?
The head is hydrophilic (likes water), and the tail is hydrophobic (fearful of water)
Organic vs Inorganic
Organic compounds contain both carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic does not contain both carbon and hydrogen.
Can you list the 4 places in the body water can be found?
Synovial Fluid
Pleural Fluid
Mucus
Cerebrospinal Fluid
What are the 3 type of saccharides?
Can you list an example of each?
Bonus: What is the bond called?
Bonus Bonus: What is the coating on the cells membrane that IDs the cells as their own?
Monosaccharide - (hexose) glucose, fructose, galactose. (Pentose) deoxyribose, ribose
Disaccharide - lactose, sucrose, maltose
Polysaccharide - starch, cellulose, glycogen
Glycosidic Bond
What is the difference between the Smooth ER and the Rough ER?
The rough ER has ribosomes that produce protiens, and the smooth has no ribosomes and produces lipids.
What can diffuse through the cell membrane?
Bonus: Why?
Because they are non-polar
List the charge and the mass for the following:
Proton
Neutron
Electron
BONUS: how to calculate an elements mass number?
Proton - a heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atom’s nucleus
neutrons - a heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atom’s nucleus
electrons - a subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom’s nucleus
mass = the sum of the protons and neutrons
Water is produced in ______________________, and split in ______________________.
Water is produced in Dehydration Synthesis and split in hydrolysis reaction.
What is a nucleotide composed of?
1+ phosphate group
Pentose Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
N-containing base: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, or uracil (only in RNA)
What are the 6 levels of structural organization?
Chemical level, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System and Organismal
In diffusion, what is the difference between active transport vs passive transport?
Active transport moves AGAINST the concentration gradient
Passive moved DOWN the concentration gradient
Atom
Molecule
Compound
Atom - single unit of an element (eg One atom of Oxygen)
Molecules - two or more atoms covalently bonded (can be the same or different)
Compounds - a substance composted of two or more different elements.
Which volume is higher?
Intracellular vs Extracellular
Bonus: What is the %?
Bonus: What are they primarily composed of?
Intracellular 55%
- primarily Sodium ions and chloride ions
Extracellular 45%
- primary potassium ions and phosphate ions
What is the structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid ?
What are the two functions of lysosomes?
How can large proteins move through the cell membrane in passive transport?
They use facilitated diffusion requiring transporter proteins to carry molecules through the integrated membrane protein channels.
Define the difference:
Nonpolar Covalent Bond vs Polar Covalent Bond
Nonpolar covalent bonds are balanced, and have equal sharing of electrons.
Polar covalent bonds are unbalanced, unequal sharing of electrons.
What does an acid release in a solution?
What does a base release in a solution?
Bonus: On the pH scale, what is 10 considered? Can you name an example?
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
A base is a substance that releases hydroxyl ions (OH–) in solution
Basic, Baking Soda
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a ___________, that stores potential energy in covalent bonds between phosphates.
Reversibly broken down into _____________.
Rebuilt by __________________.
___________ performed by kinase - an enzyme that facilitates transfer of phosphate groups
Nucleotide
ADP + Pi
Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation
What are the three types of stem cells?
Bonus: Differentiate between them?
Totipotent - embryonic, can differentiate into any type of cell
Pluripotent - embryonic, somewhat specialized so can only differentiate into specific cell lines
Multipotent - adult, even more specialized.
What are the three types of endocytosis?
Bonus: Explain the difference.
Phagocytosis - "cell eating" of large particles by leukocytes.
Pinocytosis - "Cell drinking" by bringing fluid containing dissolved substances into the cell.
Receptor-mediated - highly specific receptors required