Types of Research
This research method involves watching subjects in their natural environment without interference.
Natural Observation
The variable that is manipulated in an experiment.
Independent variable
The group that receives the treatment in an experiment.
Experimental group.
Before participating in a study, subjects must give this.
Informed Consent
When a participant experiences a change because they believe they received treatment, even if they did not
Placebo effect
A detailed study of one person or a small group over time is called this.
A case study
The variable that is measured in an experiment.
Dependent Variable
The group that does not receive the treatment and serves as a comparison.
Control Group
After an experiment, researchers must do this to explain the true purpose of the study.
This type of bias occurs when a researcher's expectations influence the outcome of a study.
Experimenter bias (or observer bias)
In this research method, researchers ask a large number of people about their behaviors, opinions, or attitudes.
Survey
A statement predicting the relationship between two variables is called this.
Hypothesis
This method ensures that participants are randomly placed into the experimental or control group.
Random Assignment
True or False: Researchers can conduct experiments that cause psychological harm if they believe the results will benefit society.
False
When participants behave differently because they know they are being watched, it is called this.
Hawthorne Effect
This type of research is best for studying cause-and-effect relationships.
Experiment
If researchers unintentionally influence the outcome of a study, this type of variable may be at play.
Confounding variable
In an experiment, neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving the treatment.
Double-blind
Researchers must protect the __________ of participants, meaning their personal data and identities must remain private.
Confidentiality
A sample that does not represent the overall population well can lead to this type of bias.
Sampling bias
When researchers analyze data to identify trends or patterns, they are conducting this type of research.
Correlational Research
In an experiment testing whether caffeine improves memory, name both the independent and dependent variables.
IV = caffeine intake, DV = memory performance
Why do researchers use operational definitions in experiments?
To define variables clearly so they can be measured and replicated
The infamous "shock"study on obedience conducted by Stanley Milgram is controversial because it failed to fully protect participants from this.
Psychological harm
A strategy used in an experiment to limit the effect of individual participant variables.
Random assignment