Social Thinking
the ability of individuals or groups to move up the social scale
Social Mobility
a series of wars from 1804 to 1805 that pitted Napoleon’s French empire against the major powers, redrawing the map of Europe with the empire’s growth until its height in 1812
Napoleonic Wars
device used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading
Guillotine
fighting strategy that involves raids through hit and run tactics
Guerilla Warfare
movement of people from rural areas to cities
Urbanization
(1818 – 1883) German political thinker ideas are foundation on communism, wrote Communist Manifesto criticizing capitalism, member of the International Working Men’s Association
Karl Marx
a strong feeling of pride and devotion to one’s country
Nationalism
(1758 – 1794) was a French revolutionary elected to the Estates – General in 1789. He later became an important member of the Jacobin club and a member of the Committee of Public Safety. As a member of the Committee he began the Reign of Terror. He was later arrested and executed by the revolution’s leaders
Maximilien Robespierre
a person who flees his or her country for political reasons
Emigres
a group or clique within a larger group that has different ideas and opinions than the rest of the group
Faction
(1766 – 1834) British economist, born and lived wealthy, wrote An Essay on the Principle Population explaining that increased population leads to poverty based on simple factors like food supply
Thomas Malthus
add a territory to an existing state or country
Annex
(1755 – 1793) she had frivolous ways, conduct, and various scandals that helped to discredit the monarchy. She told her husband, Louis XVI, to resist reform demands by the National assembly. Like Louis, she was branded a trader and executed
Marie Antoinette
assembly of European leaders that met after the Napoleonic era to place Europe back together, met from September 1814 to June 1815
Congress of Vienna
right to vote
Suffrage
(1771 – 1858) model utopian community in New Lanark, Scotland; limits age for children workers, school for all children; leader in labor movement in England
Robert Owen
give up or step down from power
Abdicate
a member of a radical political club during the French Revolution
Jacobins
principle by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French Revolution or Napoleon were restored
Legitimacy
organization of workers who bargain for better pay and working conditions
Labor Unions
(1748 – 1832) British philosopher and economist for utilitarianism, right and wrong measured from the greatest happiness of greatest number of people, focused on legal reforms
Jeremy Bentham
body of French civil laws introduced in 1804; served as a model for many nations’ civic structure creating equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and abolishing feudalism
Napoleonic Code
fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began with Parisians stormed it in 1789
Bastille
loose peacekeeping organization whose goal was to preserve the agreements set up at the Congress of Vienna
Concert of Europe
a ballot in which voters have a direct say on an issue
Plebiscite