Cells & Chemistry
A) Smallest living unit
B) Structure separating cytosol from outside
C) Process bringing material into vesicles
A) What is a cell?
B) What is the plasma membrane?
C) What is endocytosis?
A) Level with α-helices
B) Level defined by amino acid order
C) Level involving multiple polypeptides
A) What is secondary structure?
B) What is primary structure?
C) What is quaternary structure?
A) Basic packaging unit
B) Protein DNA wraps around
C) Less condensed chromatin
A) What is a nucleosome?
B) What are histones?
C) What is euchromatin?
A) Enzyme that synthesizes RNA
B) DNA region where it binds
C) Direction RNA is synthesized
A) What is RNA polymerase?
B) What is a promoter?
C) What is 5′ to 3′?
A) Number of forks per origin
B) Strand synthesized continuously
C) Why the other strand is discontinuous
A) What is two?
B) What is the leading strand?
C) What is because DNA polymerase only works 5′ to 3′?
A) Process releasing material outside cell
B) Example of molecule released this way
C) Organelle that modifies secreted proteins
A) What is exocytosis?
B) What are hormones?
C) What is the Golgi apparatus?
In SDS-PAGE:
A) What structural feature of proteins is disrupted before loading?
B) After treatment, what determines how far a protein travels?
A) What is tertiary structure (protein folding)?
B) What is molecular size (length of polypeptide)?
A) Condensed silenced chromatin
B) Extreme example in females
C) Technique to detect extra chromosome
A) What is heterochromatin?
B) What is X-inactivation?
C) What is karyotyping?
A) What removes introns
B) Benefit of splicing
C) 3 mRNA modifications
A) What is the spliceosome?
B) What is production of multiple proteins from one gene?
C) 5' cap, poly-A tail, intron removal
A) Repair for thymine dimers
B) Repair for mismatches
C) Repair joining nearest ends
A) What is nucleotide excision repair?
B) What is mismatch repair?
C) What is nonhomologous end joining?
A) What determines how atoms interact chemically?
B) Where are those electrons located?
C) Bond formed when electrons are shared
A) What are valence electrons?
B) What is the outer electron shell (electron cloud)?
C) What is a covalent bond?
A) Molecule that tags proteins for degradation
B) Structure that degrades them
C) Energy source required
A) What is ubiquitin?
B) What is the proteasome?
C) What is ATP?
Two neighboring genes are transcribed at different rates.
A) Must they use the same DNA strand?
B) Can they be regulated independently?
A) What is no?
B) What is yes?
During gene expression:
A) What enzyme synthesizes RNA from a DNA template?
B) Does this enzyme require a primer?
C) In what direction are nucleotides added?
A) What is RNA polymerase?
B) What is no?
C) What is 5′ to 3′?
A) Enzyme that synthesizes short RNA primers
B) Why primers are needed
C) Enzyme that unwinds DNA
D) Enzyme that seals DNA fragments
E) Enzyme that relieves supercoiling ahead of the fork
A) What is primase?
B) What is because DNA polymerase cannot start synthesis de novo?
C) What is helicase?
D) What is DNA ligase?
E) What is topoisomerase?
A) Does the genome change between different cell types?
B) Why do different cell types behave differently?
C) Four major families of small organic molecules
A) No
B) What is different gene expression?
C) What are sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides?
In a biosynthetic pathway, the final product inhibits the first committed enzyme.
A) What type of regulation is this called?
B) What advantage does this provide to the cell?
C) Does this increase or decrease pathway activity?
A) What is feedback inhibition?
B) What is preventing wasteful overproduction of product?
C) What is decrease?
A) Why telomeres shorten
B) Enzyme that extends them
A) What is incomplete lagging strand replication?
B) What is telomerase?
A) Where are ribosomal subunits assembled?
B) What molecule does it synthesize?
C) Molecule that matches codons
D) Region that base-pairs
E) What codon starts translation
A) Where is the nucleolus?
B) What is rRNA?
C) What is tRNA?
D) What is anticodon?
E) What is AUG?
DNA replication includes multiple error-correction steps.
A) What activity of DNA polymerase removes mispaired bases during synthesis?
A bacterial extract lacks single-strand binding protein.
B) What type of DNA becomes unstable?
C) What structure may reform without SSB?
D) What happens to replication fork progression?
A) What is exonuclease (proofreading) activity?
B) What is single-stranded DNA?
C) What is double-stranded DNA (reannealing)?
D) What is replication stalls (or slows)?
A) DNA is heated and strands separate — what bond breaks?
B) Which base pair requires more energy to separate?
C) Why?
D) What makes an organism a good model system?
A) What are hydrogen bonds?
B) What is G–C?
C) What is because it has three hydrogen bonds instead of two?
D) What is rapid growth, genetic manipulability, controlled growth?
An enzyme has two binding sites.
A) What type of enzyme is this?
B) What is this regulation called?
C) What can binding at one site change?
A) What is an allosteric enzyme?
B) What is allosteric regulation?
C) What is enzyme activity (or catalytic rate)?
Lagging-strand replication leaves a gap at chromosome ends.
A) Why can DNA polymerase not fill this gap?
B) What structural feature is lost over time?
A) What is because DNA polymerase requires a 3′ OH primer?
B) What are telomeric repeats?
A) Sigma factor recognizes what?
B) If termination signal missing, what happens?
C) Central dogma order
A) What is a promoter?
B) What is a longer RNA transcript?
C) What is DNA → RNA → protein?
A plasmid has one origin and one termination site opposite it.
A) How many replication forks form?
B) What happens if helicase is missing?
C) What happens if ligase is missing?
A) What is two?
B) What is DNA cannot unwind?
C) What is Okazaki fragments cannot be joined?