Midterm Mayhem!

Going with the Flow

100

How much of a person's fluid intake should be made up of water during bladder retraining?

Half of a person’s fluid intake.

200

According to the pH scale, does a lower number indicate more acidity or alkalinity?

Acidity

300

Name at least 2 risks or complications of condom catheter use.

Urine leakage

Skin conditions that range from mild irritation to necrosis (tissue death)

Urinary tract infections

400

How often should a PureWick Female External Catheter be replaced?

Every 8 to 12 hours or sooner as needed. This ensures optimal performance and reduces the risk of infection. If the catheter becomes soiled with feces or blood, replace it immediately.

500

Name at least 2 types of patients for which bladder scanning should not be performed?

Bladder scans should not be done on patients who have wounds or non-intact skin in the supra-pubic region (the area of the abdomen above the pubic bone).

They should also not be done on patients who are pregnant or who have fluid buildup in the abdomen (a condition called ascites).

Breath of Fresh Air

100

When should a sputum specimen be collected?

A sputum specimen should be collected in the morning before the patient has eaten or brushed their teeth for the most accurate results.

200

List at least 3 triggers for Asthma.

Cold air, Allergens, Exercise, Stress

300

What is the difference between TB Disease and Latent TB?

Tuberculosis: Highly contagious disease that is carried on mucous droplets suspended in the air; causes fatigue, loss of appetite, slight fever, prolonged coughing, and SOB.

• TB Disease: Person shows symptoms of the disease and can spread it to others.

• Latent TB: Type of tuberculosis in which the person carries the disease but does not show symptoms.

400

Describe how asthma affects breathing?

Asthma causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty breathing, wheezing, and coughing.

500

What are the two primary conditions that comprise COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)?

Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis

A Stitch in Time

100

What is the difference between a vegan diet and a vegetarian diet?

Vegan Diet:

• A vegan diet excludes all animal products. This means no meat, poultry, fish, dairy, eggs, or any other food derived from animals, including honey.
• Vegans also typically avoid animal-derived products in non-food items, such as leather, wool, and cosmetics tested on animals.
• The goal of a vegan diet is to avoid animal exploitation and harm in both diet and lifestyle.

Vegetarian Diet:

• A vegetarian diet excludes meat, poultry, and fish, but typically allows for the consumption of animal products like dairy (milk, cheese, yogurt) and eggs.
• There are also variations of vegetarian diets:
  • Lacto-vegetarian: Includes dairy, but not eggs.
  • Ovo-vegetarian: Includes eggs, but not dairy.
  • Lacto-ovo vegetarian: Includes both dairy and eggs.

Summary of Differences:

• Vegan: Excludes all animal products (no meat, dairy, eggs, or any other animal-derived foods).
• Vegetarian: Excludes meat, poultry, and fish, but may include dairy and eggs.

200

What is the difference between an elective surgery and an emergent surgery?

Elective:  The person’s health is not immediately threatened (Example:  removing a wart)

Urgent:  The person’s health will suffer if the procedure is not performed within a few days or weeks (Example:  repair of a non-complicated hernia)

Emergent:  The person’s life is in danger unless the surgery is performed right away (Example:  appendicitis)

300

What is the purpose of using incentive spirometry after surgery?

The purpose of using incentive spirometry after surgery is to encourage deep breathing, which helps to expand the lungs and prevent complications such as pneumonia or atelectasis (collapsed lungs). 

It assists in improving lung function, increasing airflow, and promoting better oxygenation by encouraging the patient to take slow, deep breaths. This device also helps in clearing mucus from the airways, reducing the risk of respiratory infections and aiding in the recovery process after surgery.

400

To prevent blood from pooling in the veins of the legs, exercises should be performed every 1-2 hours (or per order).  A physician may order TED stockings, or a sequential compression device (SCD), or both. What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?

A thrombus is a blood clot that forms and remains attached to the vessel wall, obstructing blood flow within the circulatory system. It develops at the site of injury or due to abnormal blood flow, such as in the case of atherosclerosis or a hypercoagulable state.

An embolus, on the other hand, is a clot, air bubble, fat globule, or other debris that travels through the bloodstream from one part of the body to another. If it becomes lodged in a smaller blood vessel, it can block blood flow, leading to serious conditions like pulmonary embolism, stroke, or organ damage.

An embolus that travels to the brain can cause a CVA (stroke), and one that travels to the pulmonary artery can cause an often-fatal pulmonary embolism (symptoms include restlessness and shortness of breath.)

In summary, a thrombus is a clot that forms in place, while an embolus is a clot or particle that travels to another location in the body.

500

What does PACU stand for, and what occurs in this setting?

Phase I: Care given immediately after transfer to PACU. Patients are still deeply affected by anesthesia and require close monitoring. Lasts until motor and sensory function return, patient is oriented to person, place, and time, and vital signs are stable. Additionally, there must be no signs of hemorrhage or other post-operative complications before moving to the next phase.

Endocrine Essentials

100

What type of diabetes appears in pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high glucose levels during pregnancy?

Gestational diabetes

200

How are both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes treated?

Type 1 Diabetes:

1. Insulin

Type 2 Diabetes:

1. Diet, exercise, and education must be the foundation of the treatment program. 

2. Oral medication (oral hypoglycemic)

300

Name at least 2 signs/symptoms of hyperglycemia and at least 2 signs/symptoms hypoglycemia.

Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar) Symptoms:

1. Increased thirst (polydipsia)
2. Frequent urination (polyuria)
3. Fatigue or feeling tired
4. Blurred vision
5. Headache
6. Dry mouth
7. Nausea or vomiting
8. Difficulty concentrating
9. Unexplained weight loss
10. Slow-healing cuts or wounds
11. Increased hunger (polyphagia)
12. Fruity-smelling breath (in severe cases)

Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar) Symptoms:

1. Shakiness or trembling
2. Sweating
3. Hunger or feeling very hungry
4. Weakness or fatigue
5. Dizziness or lightheadedness
6. Confusion or difficulty concentrating
7. Irritability or mood swings
8. Rapid heartbeat or palpitations
9. Pale skin
10. Headache
11. Blurred vision
12. Seizures (in severe cases)
13. Loss of consciousness (in severe cases)

400

Name at least 2 signs/symptoms of hyperthyroidism and at least 2 signs/symptoms hypothyroidism.

Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid) Symptoms:

1. Increased heart rate or palpitations (tachycardia)
2. Unexplained weight loss, despite increased appetite
3. Nervousness or anxiety
4. Tremors (shaky hands or fingers)
5. Heat intolerance or excessive sweating
6. Fatigue, despite feeling restless
7. Increased sweating
8. Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea
9. Sleep disturbances or insomnia
10. Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland, visible in the neck)
11. Thin, brittle hair or hair loss
12. Muscle weakness, particularly in the upper arms and thighs
13. Menstrual changes (lighter or less frequent periods in women)
14. Bulging eyes (in cases of Graves' disease)

Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid) Symptoms:

1. Fatigue or feeling sluggish and tired
2. Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
3. Cold intolerance or feeling unusually cold
4. Dry skin or coarse, dry hair
5. Constipation
6. Depression or mood changes
7. Muscle weakness or aches
8. Puffy face or swelling, especially around the eyes
9. Slow heart rate (bradycardia)
10. Memory problems or difficulty concentrating
11. Hoarseness or a rough-sounding voice
12. Thinning of the outer part of the eyebrows
13. Menstrual changes (heavier or more frequent periods in women)
14. Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland, visible in the neck)

Both conditions affect metabolism and can have significant impacts on various systems in the body. Symptoms can vary in severity and may require medical management.

500

What should the normal blood sugar level be before and after meals?

• Before Meals:

  • Between ____ mg/dL and ____ mg/dL

• After Meals:

  • Less than ____ mg/dL

Between 70 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL before meals

Less than 180 mg/dL after meals.

Verdict's In

100

What is the definition of a mandated reporter?

All healthcare workers are mandated reporters, which means they are legally required to report suspected or observed abuse or neglect.

200

What do DNR and DNI stand for, and what is their meaning?

DNR (Do-Not-Resuscitate): Do not perform CPR in case of cardiac or respiratory arrest.

DNI (Do-Not-Intubate): No breathing tube will be placed in the person, even though some CPR measures and medications may be used.

300

What is the definition of the medical term "sentinel event"?

Unexpected occurrence that results in death or in serious physical or psychological injury.

400

Please explain the difference between assault and battery.

Assault: Use of words or actions to cause another person to feel fearful of being harmed

Battery: Intentional touching of a person without permission

500

Please explain the difference between slander and libel.

• Slander:

  • Definition: Slander refers to spoken defamation. It involves making false and damaging statements about someone orally, typically in person, over the phone, or through some other temporary medium like radio or TV.
  • Example: Telling someone that a colleague committed a crime when that is untrue.

• Libel:

  • Definition: Libel refers to written defamation or any defamation made in a permanent form. This includes written statements, printed media, or other forms that are more lasting, such as online posts or broadcasted video.
  • Example: Publishing an article that falsely accuses a person of embezzling money.