Tissue Structure and Function
The primary protein found in tendons and ligaments that provides tensile strength.
Collagen
The contractile unit of a muscle fiber, composed of actin and myosin filaments.
Sarcomere
The bone-forming cells that synthesize and mineralize the extracellular matrix.
Osteoblasts
A minor tear or overstretching of muscle fibers, often classified into three grades of severity, is generally called a?
Muscle strain
Which vitamin deficiency is most associated with stress fractures?
Vitamin-D
The specialized cells responsible for producing extracellular matrix in connective tissues.
Fibroblasts
The neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate muscle contraction.
Acetylcholine
The hormone that increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Which hormone is most responsible for increasing collagen synthesis in tendons?
A) Cortisol
B) Growth hormone
C) Insulin
D) Estrogen
E) Thyroxine
B) Growth hormone
The bone commonly affected by stress fractures in runners and military recruits due to repetitive stress.
Tibia (shin splints)
The type of cartilage that provides shock absorption in joints and is found in the menisci and intervertebral discs.
Fibrocartilage
Of the following, what would be the cause of a muscle cramp during exercise?
A) Depletion of glycogen stores
B) Accumulation of lactic acid
C) Involuntary, repetitive firing of motor neurons
D) Failure of ATP production
E) Increased sodium influx into the muscle
C) Involuntary, repetitive firing of motor neurons
What is the first stage of fracture healing?
Hematoma formation
What is the term used to describe a type of soft tissue injury involving ligamentous damage due to excessive stretching or twisting.
Sprain
Which imaging modality is most sensitive for detecting an early stress fracture?
MRI
MRI is considered the most sensitive imaging modality for detecting an early stress fracture, as it can identify subtle bone marrow edema and periosteal changes that may not be visible on other imaging techniques like plain radiographs, even in the early stages of a stress fracture.
The fundamental structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal.
Osteon
Which metabolic pathway is the primary source of ATP during prolonged low-intensity exercise?
A) Creatine phosphate system
B) Anaerobic glycolysis
C) Oxidative phosphorylation
D) Cori cycle
E) Pentose phosphate pathway
C) Oxidative phosphorylation
(Oxidative phosphorylation typically produces around 30-32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule)
Which of the following describes a fatigue fracture?
A) Fracture due to abnormal stress on normal bone
B) Fracture due to normal stress on weakened bone
C) Fracture from direct trauma
D) Fracture from a twisting motion
E) Fracture occurring only in pediatric patients
A) Fracture due to abnormal stress on normal bone
During which phase of soft tissue healing do fibroblasts actively produce collagen and extracellular matrix to support tissue repair?
A) Hemostasis
B) Inflammatory phase
C) Proliferative phase
D) Remodeling phase
E) Degeneration phase
C) Proliferative phase
Which type of fracture is most commonly associated with osteoporosis?
A) Spiral fracture
B) Avulsion fracture
C) Compression fracture
D) Greenstick fracture
E) Transverse fracture
C) Compression fracture
The most common mechanism for an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is:
A) Direct impact to the knee
B) Hyperextension with rotation
C) Repetitive microtrauma
D) Direct hit to the lateral knee
E) Sudden contraction of the quadriceps
B) Hyperextension with rotation
Which ion is primarily responsible for initiating muscle contraction by binding to troponin-T?
None. Calcium binds to troponin-C
The vitamin essential for collagen synthesis and proper bone healing.
Vitamin-C
Of the following, What is the first physiological response to acute muscle strain?
A) Fibroblast proliferation
B) Vasodilation and inflammation
C) Satellite cell activation
B) Vasodilation and inflammation
A DEXA bone scan reveals a T-score of -1 to +1, this suggests?
Normal bone density