Radiation Quantities & Units
First unit used to measure radiation exposure
What is Skin Erythema Dose?
= irradiated surface x Air Kerma
What is DAP?
International authority on safe use of radiation, provides guidance through recommendations for occupational and public dose limits
What is ICRP?
Annual EfD limit for education and training exposures
What is 1 mSv?
Contains Aluminum Oxide detector and uses 3 different filters
What is the Optically Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeter (OSL)?
Discovered X-rays accidentally on November 8, 1895 while experimenting with a Crooke's tube
Who is Wilhelm Roentgen?
Dose to which occupationally exposed persons could be continuously subjected without any apparent harmful acute effects
What is the Tolerance Dose/Threshold Dose?
= D x WR
What is Equivalent Dose (EqD)?
US nongovernmental agency. Reviews recommendations of ICRP and determines how they are incorporated into US radiation protection criteria
What is NCRP?
Annual EfD limit for occupational exposure
What is 50 mSv?
Measures x-radiation, gamma, and beta radiation. Used for calibration of X-ray and fluoro units. Also called "Cutie Pie"
What is the Ionization Chamber Survey Meter?
First biologic effects of x-rays reported as early as...
What is 1896?
Largest dose that an occupationally exposed person was allowed that was not anticipated to result in major adverse biologic effects
What is the Maximum Permissible Dose?
= D x WR x WT
What is Effective Dose (EfD)?
Federal agency that has the power to enforce radiation protection standards. Oversee the nuclear energy industry
What is the NRC?
Annual non-occupational EfD limit for continuous or frequent exposure
What is 1 mSv?
For area monitoring & contamination control. Audible sound system to alert of presence of radiation
What is the Geiger-Muller (G-M) Detector?
Glassblower and tube maker that died in October 1904 from radiation-induced cancer; first fatality in the US
Who is Clarence Dally?
This quantity is the BEST measure of the overall risk of radiation of various biologic tissues and organs simultaneously irradiated. Expressed in Sv
What is Effective Dose?
= age (in years) x 10 mSv
What is Cumulative Occupational Dose?
Regulates the design and manufacturing of electronic products, including diagnostic x-ray equipment. Conducts onsite inspections of x-ray equipment
What is the FDA?
Annual EqD limit for occupational exposure to the lens of the eye
What is 150 mSv?
Type of monitor worn underneath a lead apron during fluoro, mobile radiography, or surgery
What is a fetal monitor?
Began using X-ray machines on battlefields to help locate bullets in wounded soldiers
When is June 1896?
Radiation quantity that expresses how energy is transferred from a beam of radiation to air.
What is Air Kerma?
= sum of all doses x number of individuals exposed
What is the Collective Effective Dose (ColEfD)?
Law that is strictly an equipment performance standard. The FDA uses this law to conduct inspections
What is the Public Law 90-602?
Monthly EqD limit for embryo and fetus exposure
What is 0.5 mSv?
Dosimeter that has a small piece of x-ray film sandwiched between metal filters inside a plastic holder
What is a film badge?
The year the NCRP adopted SI units for use with ionizing radiation
When is 1985?
Defined as “received quantity of radiation that causes diffuse redness over skin after irradiation.”
What is Skin Erythema Dose?
determined by dividing the Rad value by 100
What is converting Rad to Gy?
International organization that evaluates human and environmental radiation exposures from a variety of sources
What is UNSCEAR?
Annual non-occupational EfD limit for infrequent exposure
What is 5 mSv?
Worn as second monitor when performing radiographic procedures that require hands to be near the primary x-ray beam
What is an extremity dosimeter (TLD ring badge)?
Inflammation of skin to excessive exposure to ionizing radiation
What is radiodermatitis?
The sum total of air kerma over the exposed area of the patient's surface
What is Dose Area Product (DAP)?
Convert 0.020 Gy to mGy
What is 20 mGy?
Facilitates development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to control of radiation in the environment.
What is the EPA?
Entire gestation EqD limit for the embryo and fetus exposure
What is 5.0 mSv?
Contains Lithium Fluoride crystals and can measure exposures as low as 5 mR
What is the Thermoluminescence Dosimeter (TLD)?
This system makes possible the interchange of units among all branches of science throughout the world and is still currently used today
What is the International System of Units (SI)?
The amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by the irradiated object. Depends on the energy of the beam, atomic number and the mass density of the tissue
What is Absorbed Dose (D)?
Determined by multiplying the Gy value by 100
What is converting Gy to Rad?
Regulates occupational exposure through: Part 1910 of Title 29 of the US Code of Federal Regulations (29 CFR 1910)
What is OSHA?
Annual EfD limit for localized areas of the skin, hands, and feet for education and training exposures
What is 50 mSv?
Contains an ionization chamber
What is a Pocket Dosimeter?
Photographer/Radiologist that used radiation to treat many diseases; photo journaled the biologic effects on his hands from x-rays; died of radiation-induced cancer in 1910
Who is Mihran Kassabian?
Quality factor for fast neutrons, low-energy internal protons, alpha particles, and multiple charged particles of unknown energy
What is 20?
If 300 people receive an average EfD of 0.30 Sv, what is the ColEfD in person-sievert?
What is 90 person-Sv?
Provides federal legislation to establish minimal standards for accreditation of education programs for those who administer radiologic procedures and their certification
What is the Consumer-Patient Radiation Health & Safety Act of 1981?
Annual non-occupational EfD limit for the lens of the eye
What is 15 mSv?
Serves as a basis for comparison with other badges and kept in a radiation free area
What is the control monitor?
Held in Stockholm, Sweden in 1928; accepted the Roentgen (R) as a unit of exposure and established the International X-ray and Radium Protection Commission
What is the 2nd International Congress of Radiology?
Quality factor for X-ray photons, beta particles, gamma photons, and high-energy external protons
What is 1?
The WR for alpha particles is 20, and the WT for the breast is 0.05. If the breast receives a D of 0.5 Gy from exposure to alpha particles, what is the EfD in Sv?
What is 0.5 Sv?
Scholarly committee that reviews studies of biologic effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessment
What is NAS/NRC-BEIR?
Annual negligible individual EfD limit
What is 0.01 mSv?
Resembles a flash drive and contains a small ionization chamber and provides an instant read-out of dose information when connected to a computer
What is a direct ion storage dosimeter (DIS)?
The year the ICRP adopted the term Effective Dose as the BEST measure of overall risk of radiation
When is 1991?