Augustus
Augustus was originally named this before being adopted by Julius Caesar.
Octavian
Virgil wrote the Aeneid to tell the story of this Trojan hero.
Aeneas
This Greek hero at Troy is famous for his rage, strength, and near-invulnerability.
Achilles
This king of the gods was associated with thunder, law, and the Roman state.
Jupiter
The Ara Pacis was built to celebrate this, following Augustus’s victories and return from the western provinces.
Peace / the Pax Romana
Augustus defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at this naval battle in 31 BCE.
Actium
Aeneas’s homeland, Troy, was destroyed by the Greeks using this.
Trojan Horse
Achilles withdraws from battle after a dispute over this woman.
Briseis
The Greek term for the heroic code of honour, excellence, and reputation is this.
Kleos
On the Prima Porta statue, Augustus’s breastplate shows a Parthian returning Roman military standards, symbolising this.
Diplomatic victory / the restoration of Roman honour
Augustus claimed to have “found Rome brick and left it” this material.
Marble
This queen of Carthage falls in love with Aeneas before he leaves to fulfil his destiny.
Dido
Aeneas’s heroism is defined less by personal glory and more by this duty to family, gods, and destiny.
Pietas
Roman epic, like Greek epic, often begins with an invocation to this.
The Muse
The Ara Pacis’s carved reliefs show members of the imperial family taking part in this religious act.
Procession / sacrifice
Augustus used this title, meaning “revered” or “sacred one,” rather than calling himself king.
Augustus
Aeneas carries his father and leads his son from Troy, embodying this Roman virtue of duty.
Pietas
Paul Atreides, like Aeneas, is shaped by a prophecy and must lead a displaced people to this.
A new homeland / survival
Virgil’s Aeneid deliberately echoes Homer’s two great epics: the first six books recall the Odyssey, while the last six recall this poem.
Iliad
The Ara Pacis’s floral decoration symbolises abundance and fertility under Augustus’s rule.
Prosperity
Augustus presented himself as the restorer of this, after decades of civil war.
Peace / the Republic
Aeneas kills this Italian warrior in the epic’s final scene, ending the poem in violence.
Turnus
Achilles chooses a short life with everlasting fame rather than this alternative.
A long, unremarkable life
Romans believed in many gods, making their religion this.
Polytheistic
The Ara Pacis combines Augustan political messaging with traditional Roman religion: its imagery presents Augustus’s rule as bringing both peace and this.
Piety / divine favour