Chapter 5: Verbal Comm
Why is Verbal Comm important?
Verbal Communication is the foundation on which meaning is created
Verbal comm plays a key role in identity and relationship development
The language people speak is tied to their identities
Why is Nonverbal Comm important?
-it forms expressions & expressing emotions
-structures conversations
-it may be influencing / deceiving
It influences how individuals interpret messages, especially those related to feelings, moods, and attitudes
What are the four stages of listening?
Stage 1: Hearing (or sensing)
Detecting sound waves
Stage 2:Understanding
Interpret the message associated with the sound, verbal and nonverbal
Stage 3: Evaluating
Prioritizing based on importance, urgency
Stage 4: Responding
Simple or elaborate, depending on understanding and evaluation
What is culture?
Culture= learned patterns of perceptions, values, and behaviors shared by a group of people”. It dynamic, heterogeneous, and operates within power structures
What is a border dweller?
Border dwellers= people living between cultures. Often have to move between cultures. Often have to move between cultures, which could mean encountering conflicting religions, values, and obviously languages.
What are the four components of Language?
- phonology
-syntax
- semantics
- pragmatics
what is needed for nonverbal behavior to become nonverbal comm
Nonverbal behavior has to Intentional to be nonverbal communication ( fx: snoring isn't intentional so it wouldn't be nonverbal communication)
What are the four different listening styles?
- Action- oriented
- content-oriented
- people-oriented
-time-oriented
What are border dweller through socialization?
Experience between social identity categories ( Asian-Americn, multi-racial, pansexual)
People who are cultural minorities learn the rules and norms of both dominant culture as well as their own
What are the two types of listener
Passive and Active
What is co-cultural theory?
Co-cultural Theory – the process by which co-cultural group members strategically select different communications styles, and how favoring certain styles of communication expresses the role of power in daily interactions
what are the four influences on nonverbal comm
Culture- thumbs up is diff in diff countries
Relationships between ppl- holding someone's hand/arm while crossing the street (can be seen as a couple)
Familiarity- how well you know the other person (you can interpret their actions better)
Gender presentation- hair flip (some ppl can see that as a feminine trait)
How Does Gender affect listening?
Gender
Gender based listening stereotypes suggest women are better listeners than men
women= non interrupting, attentive, empathetic, other-centered, responsive, patient
men= ;logical, judgemental inattentive, interrupting, self-centered, and impatient
How does the cultural value of Human Nature value orientation impact intercultural comm?
One view= humans take precedent control nature
Another view= humans are at nature’s mercy (if it was god’s will..)
Another view- humans and nature in harmony
What are soundscapes
Soundscapes are the everyday sounds in our environment
Soundscapes can help establish a community identity
Sounds that are specific to a region or identities to community members
What is the difference between confirming and disconfirming messages?
Confirming= makes us feel valued , can help our self concept (supportive. advice , empathy, sympathy)
Disconfirming- make us feel devalued, and can hurt our self concept (insults, demeaning speech, condescension)
What are the five nonverbal codes
Kinesics – use of body & face (ex; clapping, middle finger, posture, tapping fingers, crack knuckles, clear throat, nods, eye contact)
Paralinguistics- vocal behavior (ex; tone, rhythm, vocal range, pitch, articulation, vocal fillers) Chronemics- perception of time (ex; monochronic = one task at a time, polychronic= multiple tasking)
Proxemics- physical space (ex; 0-18in space= intimate)
Haptics- use of touch (ex; professional or functional touch- least intimate)
Physical appearance- includes body shape/size, clothing, makeup, height, hair
What are conflicting Objectives?
We understand and react to other’s communicative attempts based in part on our own objective(s)
example= information about the upcoming midterm exam
“This material will be on the midterm”
“This information will not be on the midterm”
Multiple objectives within the same conversation
what is the difference between indulgence vs restraint orientation?
Indulgence emphasizes on free gratification of basic human drives related to enjoying life and having fun
Restraint orientation emphasizes suppressing gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms
Can you identify examples of how power or prejudice can be expressed through nonverbal communication?
Nonverbal communication & power are related – dress code
Nonverbal artifacts of the powerful often become norms
Nonverbal communication & behavior can trigger prejudice & discrimination
– Not looking at people when we talk to them
– Watching people more closely than others
– Crossing the street to create more distance
What are the seven functions of language
1.
Instrumental function
– gets you what you need or what you want
2.
Regulatory function
– helps you control the behavior of others
3.
Informative function
– teach or share knowledge
4.
Heuristic function
– gain knowledge and understanding
5.
Interactional function
– helps you start and maintain relationships
6.
Personal language function
– express yourself, personality (tends to be used more in private than public; humor or sarcasm)
7.
Imaginative function
– express your creativity or artistic ability (poetry, story telling)
What are the five functions of nonverbal messages?
Communicate information – clarify verbal messages, reveal attitudes and motivation
Regulate Interaction – manage conversational interaction
Express and Manage Intimacy – convey attraction and closeness
Social Control – exercise influence over others
Service-Task Functions – signal close involvement between people in impersonal relationships
What are some ethical choices we make related to listening
The choice to cut ourselves off from listening to our immediate environments - earbuds?
The choice to listen selectively- our choices, others, media
The choice not to listen- closing yourself off from opposing viewpoints
The choice to listen together- accepting the role and consequences
How does the cultural value of of preferred personality impact intercultural comm
To do- working hard for material gain no matter the costs (living to work)
To be- spending time with friends and family, experiencing life(living in the moment)
What is the difference between you and I statements
Use confirming messages by using “i”statements instead of “you” statements
You statements make people defensive and are disconfirming- “you are always late”
I statements are a three part messages that
Explain the other person’s behavior
Explain how you feel about that behavior
Explain how the person’s behavior affect you