Photosynthesis
What gas do plants absorb from the atmosphere to perform photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide
What six-carbon sugar is broken down during cellular respiration?
Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
What is the term for a plant's directional growth response to an environmental stimulus?
Tropism
What type of reproduction requires the fusion of sperm and egg?
Sexual reproduction
What plant cell type contains thin primary cell walls and are alive at maturity?
Parenchyma cells
What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?
Light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
What two three-carbon molecules are produced during glycolysis?
Two pyruvate molecules
What type of tropism occurs when a vine wraps around a support?
Thigmotropism
What are genetically identical offspring produced through asexual reproduction called?
Clones
Which buds can develop into lateral branches?
Axillary buds
What molecule is split during the light-dependent reactions, releasing oxygen?
Water
Which stage of cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide and produces electron carriers?
Pyruvate oxidation (the prep step) and the Krebs cycle
What hormone helps slow plant growth and promotes dormancy?
Abscisic acid (ABA)
What is the reproductive structure of an angiosperm?
A flower
Vascular cambium produces secondary phloem in which direction?
Towards the outside
What is the fluid-filled region of a chloroplast where the Calvin cycle takes place?
The stroma
What are the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called?
Cristae
What is the main function of NADPH in photosynthesis?
It carries high-energy electrons and reducing power to the Calvin cycle.
What is the difference between a short-day plant and a day-neutral plant?
Short-day plants flower when nights are sufficiently long, while day-neutral plants flower independently of day length.
Whats the ground tissue that's typically outside the vascular bundle ring called?
Cortex
During the Calvin cycle, what happens when CO₂ combines with a five-carbon RuBP molecule?
An unstable six-carbon compound forms and immediately splits into two three-carbon molecules
Why does aerobic cellular respiration produce much less ATP when oxygen is absent?
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. Without it, the chain stops and oxidative phosphorylation cannot continue normally.
A cell has more available energy than it currently needs. How can it store some of that energy for later use?
By using energy to combine ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), producing ATP.
A gardener grows a new plant from a stem cutting. What type of reproduction is this, and why is the new plant usually genetically identical to the parent?
Asexual reproduction through vegetative propagation. No fusion of gametes occurs, so the new plant inherits essentially the same genetic information as the parent.
In a dicot vascular bundle, whats the tissue between the xylem and phloem?
Vascular cambium