Stuff
What is ubiquitin?
You had one main job to do: excrete the toxic ammonia out of the body.
What is the main role of the urea cycle?
Dr. Veenstra, as far as livers go, yours looks great!!!! The test for this transaminase came back within range. I would still cut down on the apple fritters, though.
What is alanine aminotransferase (ALT)?
The 19S subunit of the proteasome works hard, but it won't do that.
What is digest ubiquitinated proteins into amino acid fragments?
Large double double coffee
What does Dr. Veenstra order at Tim Hortons?
I can't cut up protein yet, but wait until I am activated!!!!
What is a zymogen?
Get them in your diet or from the degradation of cellular proteins: those are your two main options of obtaining this class of biomolecules?
What are the two major sources of amino acids?
I made these two molecules by deaminating glutamate using the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase.
What are alpha-ketoglutarate and NH4+?
In most individuals it is equal.
How does the amount of endogenous protein that humans produce each day compare to the amount that humans consume in their diet?
This region of the proteasome is where proteins go to get chopped up into smaller peptides.
What is the 20S subunit?
What is NH4+?
Need to make glutamate and oxaloacetate via a transamination reaction? I suggest starting with these two molecules.
What are aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate?
These two molecules are on an exchange program in the urea cycle and meet as they pass each other crossing the mitochondrial membrane.
What are ornithine and citrulline?
Glutamate's nitrogen group can enter the urea cycle in either of these two forms.
What are attached to aspartic acid or as NH4+?
Here I am, anchored into the membrane of the brush border cells of the small intestine waiting to cut trypsinogen into trypsin.
Who is enterokinase?
The major driver that regulates the urea cycle.
What is the amount of ammonia present in the body?
If you are trying to convert amino acids and keto acids to other amino acids and keto acids in a transamination reaction, you better have plenty of this cofactor.
What is pyridoxal-5'-phosphate?
I am sorry if preparing for this exam is putting you in a state that is resulting in a negative nitrogen balance.
What is stress?
They get sent to the liver and are converted to glucose and triglycerides.
What happens to excess proteins that are not used for growth or enzymatic reactions in the body?
Energy levels are low and AMP levels are high in the cell. Looks like mTOR is inactive. It looks like this is going to be active, however.
What is autophagy?
What are trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, and procarboxypeptidase?
This X-linked condition, which results in hyperammonemia, generally results in more severe symptoms in males than females.
What is ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency?
The primary purpose of the Glucose-Alanine Cycle.
What is to send alanine to the liver so it can be converted to pyruvate (to produce glucose) and nitrogen (for the urea cycle)?
Wow, did someone just go to 5 Guys or needs to go to 5 Guys!!!! Something is causing the transcription and synthesis of all 5 enzymes of the urea cycle to be increased.
What is increased amino acid catabolism? (Hint: it occurs after eating a meal high in protein or during fasting)
Need to move amino acids from the lumen of the small intestine into the enterocytes? I would use this method.
What is secondary active Na+-dependent transport?