Sensation, Perception, and Motor Development
This depth cue requires both eyes to calculate distance from slightly different retinal images.
What is binocular disparity?
Little Albert’s fear of white rats was learned through this type of conditioning.
What is classical conditioning?
Infants use prior probabilities and evidence to predict future events through this kind of learning.
What is rational learning?
Children assume that each object has only one label, a bias called this.
What is mutual exclusivity?
This refers to the steady rise in average IQ scores over generations.
What is the Flynn effect?
In Erikson’s theory, adolescence centers on this conflict.
What is identity versus role confusion?
A parent–teacher conference links two of a child's microsystems are part of this ecological level.
What is the mesosystem?
Infants perceive moving parts as one object when those parts move together, a cue known as this.
What is common motion?
Giving a child a sticker for raising their hand is an example of this.
What is positive reinforcement?
A baby who drops toys repeatedly to test what happens is engaging in this kind of learning.
What is active learning?
Inferring word meaning from sentence structure shows this process.
What is syntactic bootstrapping?
The first modern intelligence test was created two psychologists and was known by this title.
What is the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test?
Infants develop basic trust when caregivers are consistent and this.
What is responsive?
A parent’s work policy that affects a child indirectly belongs to this level.
What is the exosystem?
A ball rapidly growing in size as it approaches the eye triggers blinking through this cue.
What is optical expansion?
A parent who stops nagging once homework begins is using this kind of reinforcement.
What is negative reinforcement?
Recognizing that a toy’s shape stays the same even when viewed from a new angle illustrates this.
What is perceptual constancy?
Sharing understanding or attention with a caregiver is known as this.
What is intersubjectivity?
The most widely used intelligence test for children today is this one.
What is the WISC?
A child who avoids challenge to look smart has this kind of mindset.
What is an entity orientation?
Sameroff found that multiple combined risk factors create this cumulative effect.
What is cumulative environmental risk?
Recognizing an object as the same despite changes in angle or distance reflects this concept.
What is perceptual constancy?
Adding chores after hitting a sibling represents this type of punishment.
What is positive punishment?
This depth cue lets infants infer distance from the relative size of objects.
What is relative size?
Saying “more juice” instead of “I want more juice” is an example of this stage of speech.
What is telegraphic speech?
IQ scores follow this type of statistical distribution.
What is a normal (bell-shaped) distribution?
A child who enjoys challenge and improvement shows this kind of mindset.
What is an incremental or mastery orientation?
When income inequality rises, IQ differences between groups usually do this.
What is increase (widen)?
A baby who tries to sit in a doll-sized chair demonstrates this kind of perceptual-motor error.
What is a scale error?
Taking away a toy to reduce misbehavior demonstrates this.
What is negative punishment?
When infants infer that an object continues behind a screen, they are demonstrating this.
What is object continuity (or object segregation)?
Calling all four-legged animals “doggie” illustrates this semantic error.
What is overextension?
IQ is designed to measure general cognitive ability in relation to this.
What is same age peers?
To foster mastery orientation, praise should emphasize this.
What is effort?
Across nations, lower-income children often score lower on IQ tests due to these disparities.
What are environmental and educational differences?
This research method assumes babies will look longer at unexpected or surprising events.
What is the violation-of-expectancy procedure?
When behaviors are only occasionally rewarded, they become resistant to extinction because of this schedule.
What is intermittent reinforcement?
When researchers show two displays side-by-side, this technique relies on babies’ visual preference.
What is the preferential-looking method?
Saying “I jumpted off you's little table" shows this rule-based mistake.
What is overregularization?
This type of intelligence involves solving new problems; its counterpart draws on stored knowledge.
What are fluid and crystallized intelligence?
Freud’s id operates on this principle and seeks immediate gratification.
What is the pleasure principle?
Early, intensive, high-quality child care was shown to have lifelong benefits in this famous study.
What is the Carolina Abecedarian Project?
When infants match a sound like /ba/ to a face making that sound, they are showing this ability.
What is intermodal perception?
A child who imitates a classmate praised for helping others is learning through this process.
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Infants who experience more “tummy time” may reach milestones, such as crawling, sooner due to this factor.
What is nurture (experience) influencing motor development?
Matching a speaker’s gaze to infer meaning relies on these cues.
What are pragmatic cues?
The general factor that explains correlations among many mental tests is called this.
What is g (general intelligence)?
Psychoanalytic theory’s key contribution was focusing on these unseen influences.
What are unconscious processes and early experiences?
Shared environmental influence on IQ is strongest at this life stage.
What is childhood?
Infants’ ability to distinguish non-native speech sounds declines by the end of the first year in a process called this.
What is perceptual narrowing?
Bandura’s principle that environment, behavior, and personal factors influence each other is known as this.
What is reciprocal determinism?
The ability to integrate sensory and motor information for coordinated movement is part of this developmental domain.
What is motor development?
Finding word boundaries in fluent speech relies on infants tracking this pattern.
What are transitional probabilities?
This theory arranges abilities into three levels: g, broad abilities, and narrow skills.
What is Carroll’s three-stratum theory?
Interpreting an accidental bump as intentional shows this bias.
What is hostile attributional bias?
Differences between siblings are explained largely by this kind of environmental influence.
What is nonshared environment?
Baillargeon’s rotating-screen experiment showed that infants understand this property of objects earlier than Piaget thought.
What is object permanence (or solidity)?
In the Bobo doll experiment, children learned aggressive behavior through this process.
What is observational learning?
The drawbridge experiment helped overturn this aspect of Piaget’s stage theory.
What is the timing of object permanence?
Humans’ ability to create infinite new sentences from limited rules shows that language is this kind of system.
What is generative?
Sternberg’s triarchic theory includes analytical, creative, and this third form of intelligence.
What is practical intelligence?
Skinner believed that consistent reinforcement and consequences shape this.
What is behavior?
On the WISC, this subtest measures visual–spatial reasoning.
What is Block Design?
The visual cliff experiment was designed to test this kind of perception.
What is depth perception?
According to Skinner, parents should reduce unwanted behavior by consistently doing this.
What is reinforcing desired behavior and using consistent consequences?
Infants use visual feedback to control reaching accuracy through this perceptual–motor loop.
What is visually guided reaching?
The linguist who proposed an innate universal grammar was this person.
Who is Noam Chomsky?
According to Gardner, linguistic, spatial, and musical skills are examples of these.
What are multiple intelligences?
Erikson’s first stage, trust vs. mistrust, occurs during this period.
What is infancy?
Temporarily holding and manipulating information in mind is a function of this.
What is working memory?
Infants begin to become sensitive to these kind of cues around 6 or 7 months of age, which allow them to see depth even with just one eye.
What are monocular depth cues?
This perceptual ability allows a child to understand that two objects are at difference distances even though they appear to be the same size.
What is perceptual constancy?
Understanding that behavior of others is purposive and goal-directed is an aspect of this type of knowledge.
What is social knowledge?
The best time to expose a child to a second language is during this developmental window.
What is early childhood?
Children from low-SES families show larger summer learning declines due to less of this.
What is access to enrichment and educational opportunities?
The ability of inhibit actions, follow rules, and avoid impulsive reactions is known as this.
Understanding and reasoning with language and word meanings demonstrates this ability.
What is verbal comprehension?