Chapter 2
A cumulative recorder is a device for measuring the real time _____ of a behavior.
rate
This type of conditioning procedure involves the closest possible contiguity between the NS and the US?
simultaneous conditioning
The fact that you learned to fear wasps and hornets, as well as bees, after being stung by a bee is an example of the process of _________.
stimulus generalization
In drug research, a(n) _____ is an inert substance that appears to be a drug but in reality has no pharmacological value
placebo
Although Clever Hans appeared to know how to count and do calculations, further testing revealed that he was actually responding to ___________.
subtle cues inadvertently emitted by the questioner
In a simple-comparison design, one compares the level of behavior in a(n) _____ with the level of behavior in a(n) _____.
baseline condition; treatment condition
The more you clap your hands, the more excited your dog becomes. This scenario is an example of _______.
sensitization
In classical conditioning, acquisition refers to the process of developing and strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of an NS with a(n) _____.
US
In general, phobias represent a process of _____.
overgeneralization
This brain area is larger and more complex in food-storing birds compared to non-storing birds (so, too, in London taxi drivers).
The hippocampus
In experiments, the variable that is manipulated or systematically varied, is the same as the _______.
independent variable
Regina once received a shock while plugging in her toaster and is now quite anxious each time she uses it. In this example, the shock is a(n) _____ stimulus.
unconditioned
Solomon was given a prize at school one day. Although the prize was given by both the teacher (whom he knew well) and the principal (whom he didn’t know), Solomon repeatedly thanked only the teacher. This is an example of what kind of conditioning?
blocking
Rebekah feels nervous whenever she sees her neighbor’s house because the neighbor’s dog bit her a few years back. Her behavior illustrates the _________ model of classical conditioning.
stimulus-substitution
In order to intentionally cooperate with or deceive another individual, an animal must have a _________.
theory of mind
The number of hours spent cleaning (mopping, sweeping, etc.) each week is a measure of _____ , while the length of time procrastinating before starting to clean on a particular evening is a measure of _______.
duration; latency
In general, you should find it easier to habituate to a _____ stimulus than to a _____ stimulus.
low-intensity; high-intensity
Mikko, a small Dachshund, finds it extremely difficult to tell when his owner will give him food. As a result, he is quite stressed, which seems somewhat analogous to the phenomenon of _________.
experimental neurosis
The concept of _____ refers to an innate disposition to learn certain types of behaviors or certain types of associations more easily than others.
preparedness
You tell a 3-year-old girl the following story: “Ellen removes her jewelry from the jewelry box and hides it in an ice-cream container in the freezer so that if burglars break into the house, they will not find these very special pieces.” If you ask the 3-year-old girl where a burglar would look for the jewelry, what would she typically say?
In the freezer
The term _____ behavior refers to any behavior that can be observed only by the person performing the behavior.
covert
According to the opponent-process theory, the _______ increases in both strength and duration during repeated presentations of an emotional event?
b-process
If your anxiety while giving a speech in class gradually fades, it may suddenly recover when a noisy ceiling fan starts up or someone walks in late. This is an example of _____.
disinhibition
The process of _____ is the strengthening of a conditioned fear response as a result of brief exposures to an aversive CS.
incubation
Of the following species:
chimpanzees, cats, dolphins, or elephants
which has NOT shown evidence of passing the mark and mirror test for self-awareness?
cats