Replication of DNA
DNA polymerases are unable to initiate synthesis because they cannot begin a nucleotide chain independently without this
DNA primase
Nucleic acid with the sugar ribose and with uracil instead of thymaine
RNA
A permanent change that occurs in the cell’s DNA is called a...
Mutation
What are the 3 types of RNA?
Messenger RNA(mRNA), Ribosomal RNA(rRna), and Transfer RNA(tRNA).
a section of DNA that contains the genes for the proteins needed for a specific metabolic pathway.
what is an operon?
These discontinuous nucleotide sequences accumulate on the lagging strand before the bonds are permanently sealed.
okazaki fragments
A section of DNA that contains the genes for the proteins needed for a specific metabolic pathway.
Operon
Entire sections of chromosomes can be rearranged or lost...
Chromosomal Mutations
What does tRNA do?
Transports amino acids to the ribosome.
Hox genes are transcribed at specific
times in specific places on the__________?
genome
The antiparallel arrangement of DNA strands requires continuous synthesis on one strand and discontinuous synthesis on the other because nucleotides may only be attached in this direction.
5 prime to 3 prime
long strands of RNA nucleotides that are formed complementary to one strand of DNA.
Caused by insertion or deletion of base pairs, changing the reading frame of the genetic code...
Frameshift Mutation
What does rRNA do?
It associates with proteins to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
what is RNA interference and what binds in the process
stops the mRNA from translating its message by binding Single-stranded small interfering RNA and protein complexes to it
this enzyme progresses along the parental DNA molecule, separating complementary strands by breaking bonds between base pairs.
DNA helicase
The three-base code in DNA or mRNA
codon
small spelling mistakes that affect only one or a few letters in our DNA code...
Point Mutations
Shorter
name 3 things and operon contains
Operator – on/off switch
Promoter – where RNA polymerase binds
Regulatory gene
Genes coding for proteins
DNA polymerase removes the RNA primer and fills in the place with what?
DNA nucleotides
DNA sequences not found in mRNA
Introns
give an example of an insertion mutation (not a disease, an analogy sentence)
i.e THE BIG ZFA TCA TAT ETH EWE TRA
In comparing DNA code with its transcribed mRNA code, scientists found that the mRNA code was much ____.
shorter
name the 2 types of transcription factors and what they do
Complexes that guide the binding of the RNA
polymerase to a promoter
Regulatory proteins that help control the rate of
transcription