Anatomy
upper trap, lower trap, and SA
Describe the means by which kinesiotaping provides local pain relief (x2 mechanisms)
- lifts the skin, allowing more blood flow to an area to promote extensibility and healing, as well as reduced pressure on pain receptors decreasing sensitivity to pain
Define graded exercise and provide an example
graded exercise - exercise progression through quota attainment, often combined with CBT, and has a focus on general activity progression of duration/intensity vs. specific movements
An individual who presents with local low back pain, and symptoms that improve with heat and rest and worsen with flexing forward and getting dressed in the morning most likely is represented by what pain mechanism?
nociceptive pain
Name 3 contraindications for cryotherapy
Raynaud's, cold intolerance or sensitivity, over regenerating nerves, PVD or other circulatory compromised areas
What is the nerve root that corresponds most to the root innervation of the gluteus medius
L5 (L4-S1)
When would mcconnell taping be utilized over kinesiotaping?
to provide structural support at an area for a shorter period of time, utilized more outside of exercise than kinesiotaping
Describe 2 tests that can be used to assess exercise readiness/tolerance in a 65 yo male with CA being seen for deconditioning
6MW test, submaximal cycle ergometry, YMCA step test, 1 mile walk
Name 3 psychosocial factors that are associated with chronic, nociplastic pain
anxiety/depression, poor coping strategies, poor emotional/psychological wellness, insomnia/poor sleep health, hx of trauma, low health literacy, low SES
Describe a situation where an individual may use ice massage vs. a cold pack
ice massage- used for smaller, irregular areas; quicker tx time
Name the O&I for the RTC muscles on the posterior aspect of the scapula
Supraspinatus- supraspinous fossa, greater tubercle
Infraspinatus- infraspinous fossa, greater tubercle
Teres minor- lateral border of scapula, greater tubercle
What is the "protocol strategy" for applying kinesiotape?
anchor stretch anchor
define graded exposure and provide an example
Graded exposure- gradually exposing a patient to a series of movements that are perceived to be painful
ie: posterior pelvic tilt, child's pose, seated flexion, standing flexion
Name 2 words/phrases that "harm" and an alternative for each
negative test result - everything looks normal
wear and tear, degeneration - normal age-related changes
Describe the proper setup for a hot pack for heating the bilateral upper traps (hot pack parameters- size, layers, etc and positioning)
What nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic
Provide an example when static compression and intermittent compression may be used (1 of each)
Static- lymphedema, general support or reduction in local swelling, amputee shaping
Intermittent- DVT prevention, chronic venous insufficiency, PAD (peripheral arterial dx)
Describe how HTN medication impacts an individual's exercise response
HTN meds- keep BP from rising at the same rate it would without meds, limits HR increase, thus limits rapid BP increase via removing fluid from vascular system and decreasing workload on the heart
describe the difference between "chronic pain" and "centrally mediated" pain (nociplastic)
chronic pain - pain that has been going on for a long period of time and tissue damage may or may not still be present, might be a disruption in healing or a long recovery
nociplastic pain - centrally mediated pain; body's response to pain has become hypersensitive due to changes in the brain and it's ability to interpret threats to the body appropriately
What is the therapeutic heating temperature?
40-45* C (104-114* F)
Name all 12 cranial nerves in order
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
What are 2 ways to assess edema objectively?
figure 8 measurements, taping measures, volumetrics, pitting edema scale
Describe 3 ways a walking lunge exercise can be made more difficult without just adding weight
tempo, core twist, hold time, the addition of HR, the addition of a jump
Describe the process of pain interpretation
the body's response to a threat, pain is dictated by the brain, in which the pain response is shaped by a multitude of things
Name 3 precautions for thermotherapy
cardiac insufficiency, pregnancy, poor thermoregulation, acute injury/inflammation, open wound, topical cream/medications, demyelinated nerves or mild sensation changes, edema, impaired circulation