Session 1
Origins, Definitions & Determinants of Global Health
Origins, Definitions & Determinants of Global Health
This definition describes public health as the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized societal efforts.
What is the Acheson definition of public health?
This global measurement study quantifies years of life lost and years lived with disability.
What is the Global Burden of Disease?
This WHO building block ensures health systems focus on the needs and preferences of people.
What is people-centered care?
This term refers to the structures and processes that shape how global health decisions are made.
What is global health governance?
Global NCD trends reflect not only individual behavior but also these broader determinants shaped by corporate and market forces.
What are commercial determinants of health?
This global framework expanded on the Millennium Development Goals, with 17 interconnected targets emphasizing sustainability.
What are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
The shift from infectious diseases to noncommunicable diseases is known as this transition.
What is the epidemiologic(al) transition?
This health system building block focuses on improving data collection, management, and the use of digital technologies.
What are Health Information Systems?
WHO, national governments, NGOs, private foundations, and corporations are examples of these key entities in global health.
What are global health governance actors?
Weakening multilateral institutions undermine progress on pandemics, climate, and development because they erode this essential ingredient for global coordination.
What is trust or collective action capacity?
Universal Health Coverage guarantees that people receive the health services they need without suffering this negative financial consequence.
What is financial hardship?
By 2050, nearly 40% of people in some regions of East Asia and Europe will fall into this age group.
Who are adults aged 65 and older?
This 1978 declaration promoted “Health for All” through primary health care.
What is the Alma-Ata Declaration?
Revenue raising, pooling, and purchasing are the three core parts of this national function.
What is government health financing?
This country’s foreign assistance priorities are increasingly focused on digital infrastructure and green energy loans.
What is China?
Inequities in both MDG and SDG progress are attributed largely to this broad category of factors that structure opportunity and disadvantage across populations.
What are the social determinants of health?
Unhealthy diet, tobacco, harmful alcohol use, physical inactivity, and air pollution make up this group.
What are the five major NCD risk factors?
PHC reorganizes service delivery by integrating preventive, promotive, and curative care across the life course — a shift requiring this type of multisectoral governance.
What is whole-of-society governance?
Unlike national public health governance, global governance lacks this defining characteristic.
What is a single sovereign authority?
Failures in these systems contributed to disproportionate impacts during the COVID-19 pandemic, including inequitable access.
What are surveillance and preparedness systems?
The WHO definition of health is criticized for being too idealistic to guide national policy because it implies this unrealistic standard of health.
What is the notion of complete well-being?
Declining mortality followed by declining fertility is driven by improvements in sanitation, nutrition, and basic health access — forming the core of this transition.
What is the demographic transition?
Universal Health Coverage (UHC) operationalizes the progressive realization of this vision.
What is the PHC “Health for All” vision?
Even with adequate national-level workforce numbers, health systems fail when workers are not distributed according to these population-based criteria.
What are geographic and needs-based distributions?
In the rights-based framework, these three domains differ in purpose: one explains why we act, one describes how we should act, and one defines what governments must do.
What are values, ethics and human rights?