Causes
The primary factors included the shift from hand tools to machines, the transition from human/animal power to steam and electricity, and influences from the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.
What were the primary factors that contributed to the Industrial Revolution starting in Britain around 1750?
Other countries like Germany and the United States later industrialized, with Russia and Japan following suit, demonstrating a transfer of technology and expertise.
Discuss the global spread of industrialization. How did other countries follow Britain's lead?
The development of railways during the Industrial Revolution connected industrial centers, facilitated the faster movement of goods and people, and played a significant role in expanding markets and promoting economic growth.
How did the development of railways influence the Industrial Revolution?
The Agricultural Revolution introduced new farming methods, crop rotation, and the enclosure movement, leading to increased food production and population growth, which displaced farmers and provided a labor force for industries.
How did the Agricultural Revolution lay the foundation for the Industrial Revolution?
The Second Industrial Revolution featured innovations like the steel process, dynamite, and electricity replacing steam power, focusing on assembly line production and interchangeable parts.
What were the main features of the Second Industrial Revolution, and how did they differ from the first?
Coal
What was a key energy source during the Industrial Revolution?
James Watt's improved steam engine made it possible to power factories and transportation, significantly enhancing productivity.
How significant was James Watt's steam engine in the context of technological breakthroughs during the Industrial Revolution?
Working conditions included low wages and unsafe environments, which led to the formation of labor unions and government regulations to improve conditions.
Analyze the working conditions described, what reforms were initiated in response to these conditions?
Textiles
Which industry was the largest in Britain during the Industrial Revolution?
The four key factors are abundant natural resources, a large labor force, available capital from trade, and strong entrepreneurship.
What were the four key factors of production that gave Britain an advantage in industrialization?
Romanticism focused on emotion and nature as a reaction to industrialization, with figures like William Wordsworth and Lord Byron, while Realism, exemplified by Charles Dickens, provided social commentary on the conditions of the time.
How did cultural movements such as Romanticism and Realism respond to the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution?
Primary purpose of the Enclosure movement was to consolidate farmland for increased efficiency.
What was the primary purpose of the Enclosure movement?
Advancements such as turnpikes, canal systems, and the steam locomotive improved the speed and efficiency of moving goods and people.
How did advancements in transportation impact the movement of goods and people during the Industrial Revolution?
The steam engine, improved by James Watt, was crucial for industrialization as it provided a reliable and powerful source of energy for factories and transportation, enabling mass production and the expansion of industries.
What impact did the development of the steam engine have on industrialization?
James Watt
Who improved the steam engine in the 1760s?