Unit 1
What is Base?
Substance that shifts the H+/OH− balance against H+; also known as an alkaline;
Nucleic Acids
Made up of nucleotide units
•Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
•Phosphate
•Nitrogen base (adenine, thymine or uracil, guanine, cytosine)
Ribosome types and their functions?
Free ribosomes in cytoplasm: manufacture proteins for cell
Fixed ribosomes attached to a rough endoplasmic reticulum: manufacture proteins for secretions
Lysosomes
Lysosomal enzymes can destroy microbes that invade the cell.
What happened to the cell in an Isotonic environment?
•A solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell
What is pH?
Neutral pH?
Buffers?
pH: Mathematical expression of relative H+ concentration in an aqueous solution
pH 7 is neutral (neither acid nor base)
Buffers: Chemical systems that absorb excess acids or bases and thus maintain a relatively
stable pH (Homeostasis)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Used as the cell’s “master code” for assembling proteins
•Uses deoxyribose as the sugar and uses A, T (not U), C, and G as bases
Types of Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) +Functions?
Rough ER (many ribosomes attached on it surface) collects, folds, and transports proteins made by ribosomes.
Smooth ER (no ribosomes attached) synthesizes lipid, CHO and Proteins that makes up new cell membranes.
Nucleus
Controls cell because it contains most of the genetic code, or genetic information (genome)
What happened to the cell in a hypotonic environment?
•Cell gains water; solution has less solutes
cell swell.
What is the simplest form of carbohydrate?
monosaccharides or single sugars (e.g., glucose)
Made up of six-carbon subunits
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
formation of structural and functional proteins,
•Uses ribose as the sugar and uses A, U (not T), C, and G as bases
Golgi apparatus
Processes and packages proteins from the ER
Cellular Extensions
Microvilli: that increase surface area and produce slight movements that enhance absorption by the cell.
Cilia: Cilia are fine hair like extensions
Flagella: Flagella are single projections (much longer than cilia) that act as “tails” of sperm cells.
What happened to the cell in a hypertonic environment?
•Cell loses water; solution has more solutes
cell shrinks.
Types of Lipids found in the body
Triglycerides: Most abundant form of fat
•Made up of one glycerol unit and three fatty acids
•Store energy for later use
Phospholipids: two fatty acids, and with a phosphorus-containing group attached to glycerol.•
Form membranes of cells
Cholesterol:•Molecules have a steroid structure made up of multiple rings
•Cholesterol stabilizes the phospholipid tails in cellular membranes
What is ATP?
A modified nucleotide used to transfer energy from nutrients to cellular processes.
The centrosome
Serves as microtubule organizing center.
Name the Passive transport processes through cell membranes.
Diffusion (from high to low concentration)
Osmosis (from high to low concentration)
Filtration:(movement from high to low pressure area.)
Name the Active transport processes in the
cell.
Ion pumps
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
Types of Protein
Structural proteins:
Collagen,Keratin
Functional proteins
Hormones, cell membrane channels
and receptors, enzymes
3 Main Parts of the Cell?
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondria function?
power plants of the cell, involved in cellular respiration
Active vs Passive Transport
Active transport requires Energy
Mitosis vs meiosis?
Mitosis occurs in nonreproductive cells.
Meiosis occurs in reproductive cells.