Warden
The study used this type of design, comparing professional baseball players at different stages of their careers to assess long-term bone adaptations.
What is a cross-sectional study design?
Researchers compared players who started training at different life stages to determine whether early training leads to superior adaptations in this measurement of bone.
What is bone structure and strength?
The researchers categorized loading modalities for the lower extremities into high-impact, odd-impact, and this type of loading associated with swimming.
What is repetitive, nonimpact loading?
Running applies 1.5-2.5 times body weight, while jumping applies up to this many times body weight in ground reaction forces.
What is 5 times body weight?
This type of exercise, involving activities like jumping and hopping, applies forces greater than three times body weight to stimulate bone growth.
What is high-intensity loading?
These were the three groups of participants studied to evaluate the effects of throwing-related physical activity on bone properties.
What are active throwers, former throwers, and continuing throwers?
One aim of the study was to compare how well this widely used technique represents the effects of mechanical loading on bone strength.
What is dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)?
This method was used to assess structural bone variables at various sites, including the tibia, radius, and humerus
What is peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)?
Bone formation on this outer surface increases bone size and improves resistance to bending and torsion.
What is the periosteum?
To strengthen bones in both the upper and lower body, exercises should include both jumping and these movements for the arms.
What are push-ups and cartwheels?
The non-throwing arm of each baseball player served as this, minimizing the influence of genetic or systemic factors on bone adaptation.
What is an internal control site?
The study included 64 female racquet-sports players and this number of age-, height-, and weight-matched nonathletic controls.
What is 27?
Unlike other athletes, these competitors did not show significant increases in tibial bone mass or structural strength compared to nonathletic referents.
Who are swimmers?
What are the 3 factors that contribute to bone strength.
This period is crucial between exercise sessions to allow bone stress sensors to regain sensitivity for remodeling and regrowth.
What is rest?
According to the study, half of the benefit in this aspect of bone structure gained from youth physical activity is maintained throughout life.
What is bone size?
The study found that DXA underestimated the effects of mechanical loading on this key property of bone.
What is bone strength?
While impact loading was a strong predictor of lower extremity bone structure, this factor was the main contributor to upper extremity bone strength.
What is muscle performance-related joint moments?
By the end of this developmental period, up to 90% of adult bone mass has been acquired.
What is adolescence?
Instead of long, continuous workouts, bones respond better to this type of exercise schedule throughout the day.
What are multiple short bouts of exercise?
This phrase, commonly associated with muscle loss, is not entirely applicable to bone because bone size benefits from youth persist.
What is "use it or lose it"?
Compared to the non-playing arm, the humeral shaft in young starters showed this percentage increase in bone mineral content.
What is 19%?
The authors suggested that to strengthen bones in aging populations, this type of movement combining moderate impact and strength training may be most beneficial.
What are odd-impact exercises?
Polar moment of inertia
What is a measure of bone architecture.
Bones respond best to this type of loading pattern, which involves forces applied from different directions.
What is multidirectional loading?