Replication
Any mistake in replication is called a _________?
Mutation
What are the “scissors” used to cut both the vector and the desired DNA sequences?
Restriction enzymes
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
protein synthesis controls all ______ processes?
Cellular
Chromosomes are visible during ______?
Cell division
Using old DNA as a template the new DNA is ______ to the old molecule?
Identical
What molecule is formed after DNA splicing?
rRNA, Recombinant DNA
Sugars and phosphate of nucleotides bond, forming the “____________”
Sugar-phosphate backbone
What process forms the complementary mRNA strand from the DNA template?
Transcription
How many chromosome pairs does the normal human cell have?
23
What type of bond breaks within base pairs during replication?
Hydrogen Bonds
What does PCR stand for? What does it do?
Polymerase chain reaction, it creates millions of copies of a single gene or DNA in a test tube
What are the three major functions of DNA?
Controls cellular activities
Makes exact copies of itself to pass onto other cells
Can undergo mutation, providing a source for life’s diversity
The tRNA goes into the first “P” site of the ribosome. The second “ ____” site next to it is available to another tRNA bringing the next amino acid.
A
What are the two main differences between a germinal mutation and a somatic mutation?
germinal mutations are heritable and occur in gametes while somatic mutations are not heritable and occur in body cells
What is it called when each cell receives half the old DNA and half the new DNA?
Semi-conservative
Define transfection
Merging DNA of two animal species using procedures such as microinjections or stem cell mediated transfers
How many carbons make up the sugar in a nucleotide?
Five !
During translation what is the “ingredient” and “kitchen hand” for the process?
amino acid and tRNA
Define the chromosomal mutation, translocation.
When the chromosomes exchange pieces with a non homologue
What are the 3 main enzymes used during the replication process
DNA Polymerases, gyrase, helicase
What are primers in the PCR process?
Primers are sequences of 20 bases complementary to bases on either side of “target DNA”
What is a general molecular formula for a deoxyribose sugar?
C5H10O4
During elongation what happens when the first tRNA is released back into the cytoplasm?
it attaches to another of “its” amino acid, basically gets recycled
What type of gene mutation has a “variable” effect?
Missense mutation