Variables
Prompt: A student waters one plant with tap water and another with sugar water to see which one grows taller over two weeks.
The independent variable is: __________
The dependent variable is: __________
One control variable could be: __________
Independent variable: Type of water
Dependent variable: Plant height
Control variable: Amount of water, type of plant, location
Which of the following best describes inertia?
A. The tendency of an object to speed up over time
B. The force that causes motion
C. The tendency of an object to resist changes in motion
D. The amount of force needed to move an object
C. The tendency of an object to resist changes in motion
What does the term luminosity refer to in reference to the HR Diagram for stars?
the brightness of stars
from the crust to the core what happens to the temperature and density of the liquid?
temperature increases and so does density
Where does all the energy on Earth start from?
THE SUN
Prompt: A scientist wants to know if the type of surface affects how far a toy car rolls.
What is the independent variable?
A. The type of surface
B. The distance the car travels
C. The size of the toy car
D. The amount of time the car is pushed
A. The type of surface
Newton’s First Law is also known as the law of __________.
According to Newton’s Second Law, force = __________ × __________.
Inertia
mass × acceleration
In reference to the HR diagram, which factor has a greater impact on the color of the star?
The temperature of stars
what is the type of heat transfer that occurs in the mantle?
convection
How does being close to the ocean affect temperature?
The temperatures remain relatively the same, or consistent, no big temp switches in each season
In order to design a fair experiment, what experimental design element should be followed?
The experimenter should only be changing ONE variable, all else should be kept the same
Scenario:
1. A soccer ball remains at rest until it is kicked.
2. A balloon flies forward when the air is let out.
3. A full shopping cart is harder to push than an empty one.
4. When you push on a wall, the wall pushes back.
1 → A (1st Law)
2 → C (3rd Law)
3 → B (2nd Law)
4 → C (3rd Law)
What is the process that is primarily responsible for this change in the star's life cycle?
NUCLEAR FUSION
describe the process of subduction
the sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another plate.
How does an increase in greenhouse gasses impact the global climate?
Increases global precipitation
Decreases global precipitation
Increases global temperature
Decreases global temperature
increases global temperatures
What is a control variable?
A box is sitting still on the floor. You push it with a force of 10 N to the right, but friction pushes back with 3 N.
What is the net force on the box?
Which direction will it move?
Which of Newton’s laws explains this?
Net force = 10 N – 3 N = 7 N
The box will move to the right
Newton’s Second Law (F = ma)
what is the primary factor that determines what branch of the diagram a star will take during its life?
MASS OF THE STAR
what are the 3 types of plate boundaries ad what are their movements?
convergent: collide
divergent: divide
transform: slide
describe the mountain factor and how it affects precipitation of each side of a mountain (use the words leeward and windward in your answer)
moisture builds up on the windward side of a mountain so that that side will receive more precipitation. the mountains cast a shadow on the leeward side, making it dry and having way less precipitation
At the U.S. Geological Survey, pH samples are taken as a measurement whenever water is studied. Not only does the pH of a stream affect organisms living in the water, but a changing pH in a stream can be an indicator of increasing pollution or some other environmental factor. An experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between pH and the survival rate within tadpole populations. What is the IV and DV?
IV: pH level
DV: number of living tadpoles
A student says, “When I’m sitting in a car that suddenly stops, I fly forward because a force from the seat pushes me.”
Question:
What misconception is in this explanation? What physics concept actually explains the motion?
Misconception: The student thinks the seat pushes them forward.
Correct Concept: The person moves forward because of inertia (Newton’s 1st Law). There is no force pushing them forward—they continue in motion while the car stops. The seatbelt provides a force to stop them.
List the life cycle of a star for a medium-mass main sequence star
stellar nebula, protostar, main sequence star, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf
what processes make up each type of rock?
metamorphic: heat and pressure
sedimentary: compaction and cementation
igneous: heating and cooling
What is the albedo effect? What does a high albedo mean?
describes the reflectivity of a surface, specifically how much sunlight it reflects back into space. A high albedo means a surface reflects a large amount of sunlight, while a low albedo means a surface absorbs more sunlight.