IMMIGRATION
Why did many Irish immigrate?
Potato famine
Goal of the temperance movement?
Reduce alcohol use
What did transcendentalists believe?
Self-reliance and individual thinking
What made William Lloyd Garrison different?
Immediate emancipation + newspaper
What was the Underground Railroad?
Secret network helping enslaved people escape
Why did Germans settle in the Midwest?
Farming skills and money
What was prison reform trying to do?
Improve conditions for prisoners
What did Charles Finney teach?
Personal responsibility for salvation
Why did some Northerners oppose abolition?
Fear of job competition
Who was Harriet Tubman?
Led enslaved people to freedom
How were German immigrants different from Irish immigrants?
Germans often had more money/skills; Irish were poorer and fleeing famine
Who led prison reform?
Dorothea Dix
What was the Second Great Awakening?
Religious revival movement
What was the main goal of abolitionists?
End slavery immediately
Why was the Underground Railroad dangerous?
Risk of capture and return to slavery
What challenges did Irish immigrants face in America?
Discrimination, low-paying jobs, anti-Catholic prejudice
What was the goal of education reform?
Public education for all children
How did transcendentalism challenge society?
Encouraged independent thinking over tradition
What methods did abolitionists use?
Newspapers, speeches, activism
Who helped guide enslaved people?
Conductors (like Harriet Tubman)
Why did immigration increase in the mid-1800s?
Push factors (famine, unrest) + pull factors (jobs, land, opportunity)
How were reform movements connected to religion?
Religious revival inspired people to improve society
How did religion influence reform movements?
Motivated people to fix social problems
Why was abolition controversial in the North?
Economic fears + social tension
Why did some Northerners oppose helping escapees?
Feared conflict and job competition