Memory Models and Processes
This model proposes separate stores for sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
The multi-store model?
This study used leading questions to show that memory can be altered.
Loftus & Palmer (1974)?
This cognitive bias involves sticking to initial beliefs even after receiving contradictory information.
Belief perseverance
This theory proposes that emotionally significant events are remembered vividly.
Flashbulb memory theory
This term refers to mental structures that help us organize knowledge and guide behavior.
Schemas
This memory model emphasizes the role of schemas in encoding and retrieval.
The schema theory?
This study showed that participants unintentionally altered unfamiliar cultural details when retelling a story, supporting the idea that memory is shaped by existing knowledge.
Bartlett (1932)
In the dual-process model, this system is fast, automatic, and based on heuristics.
System 1
This study on the Challenger explosion questioned the accuracy of flashbulb memories.
Neisser & Harsch (1992)
The reliability of cognitive research is often questioned due to this common methodological issue.
Low ecological validity
Glanzer & Cunitz (1966) provided evidence for these two effects in memory recall.
The primacy and recency effects?
The term for filling in memory gaps based on expectations or prior knowledge.
Confabulation?
This study found that people's judgments about likelihood are influenced by how easily similar examples come to mind, illustrating the availability heuristic.
Tversky & Kahneman (1973)
Brown & Kulik (1977) found flashbulb memories were most likely formed for this type of event.
Emotionally charged or shocking events
This type of memory is tied to personal experiences and specific times and places.
Episodic memory
This model suggests there are multiple components in working memory
The working memory model?
Loftus & Pickrell (1995) implanted this type of memory in participants.
False memory?
Kahneman & Tversky found that people often make irrational choices due to this cognitive bias.
Framing effect
Talarico & Rubin (2003) found that flashbulb memories feel more vivid, but...
Their accuracy declines just like regular memories
A limitation of dual-process models of thinking is that they often lack this.
Empirical support for how the two systems interact in real-time decision-making
This study on epigenetics showed how maternal care in rats could influence the expression of stress-related genes in offspring, impacting their long-term behavior.
Meaney et al. (2004)?
This factor can reduce the reliability of eyewitness testimony, according to Yuille & Cutshall (1986).
Leading questions, although real-life memory can be surprisingly accurate?
The process of drawing conclusions based on available information.
Reasoning
This brain region is activated during emotional memory recall.
Amygdala
You are designing an experiment on memory distortion. Give one ethical consideration you must address.
Deception and ensuring informed consent especially if implanting false memories