Vaccines and Therapeutics
_____________ are substances that help kick start the vaccine-induced immune response and provide a way to skew immunity towards a desired flavor.
What are adjuvants.
A mathematical term which refers to the expected number of cases directly generated by one case in a population where all individuals are susceptible to infection.
What is R0.
Name 2 of the 3 interactions required for an antigen presenting cell to activate a T cell.
What are antigen recognition (MHC-TCR interaction), costimulation (CD80-CD28 interaction), and cytokine instructions.
This antibody isotype is the most abundant in human serum.
What is IgG.
A method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample.
What is PCR.
_________ are the correlate of protection for a majority of approved vaccines.
What are antibodies.
Bacillus Anthracis is a gram _________ bacteria.
What is positive.
This Helper T cell subset is induced by microbes that are eaten by and activate phagocytosis. Some functions driven by this subset include activating macrophages to eat and destroy microbes, and cytotoxic T cell differentiation.
What is TH1.
This antibody isotype is particularly abundant in the mucosa.
What is IgA.
This experiment can be used to determine the presence of antibodies specific to a given pathogen or antigen in a sample.
What is an ELISA.
Ku et al. demonstrated that an antibody of this isotype offered increased protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants as compared to an IgG antibody.
What is IgM.
Some E.coli strains produce this protein, rendering them pathogenic.
What is shiga toxin.
This helper T cell subset is induced by microbes and antigens that cause persistent T cell stimulation without much inflammation. Some functions driven by this subset include mast cell and eosinophil degranulation, and activation of alternate macrophage activation to promote tissue repair.
What is TH2.
This antibody isotype is commonly involved in allergic reactions and in the response to parasitic infections.
What is IgE.
Name 1 species of phage able to infect E. coli.
What is T4 or T4r.
Name 3 different types of vaccines/vaccine platforms.
What are live attenuated, inactivated, viral vector, nucleic acid, and subunit.
This enzyme in HIV is highly error-prone, and contributes to the very high mutation rate of the virus; be specific.
What is reverse transcriptase.
This T cell subset suppresses immune responses, releasing immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10.
What are Tregs.
Name 2 “non-neutralizing” antibody effector functions.
What are phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, complement activation, etc…
An outbreak of a pathogen is unlikely to become an epidemic if it’s R_0 value is less than ____.
What is 1.
A biologically inactive compound which can be metabolized in the body to produce a drug.
What is a prodrug.
People infected with HIV must take antiviral drugs for this amount of time.
What is forever.
This helper T cell subset is commonly induced in response to extracellular bacteria and fungi. Some functions driven by this subset include the recruitment of phagocytes – mostly neutrophils, to the site of infection.
What is TH17.
Antibodies bind _________ on immune cells to drive “non-neutralizing” functions.
What are Fc-receptors.
Name the 4 primary components of a PCR reaction.
Template DNA, primers, dNTPs, and DNA polymerase.