Research Design & Ethics
This group reviews research proposals to ensure ethical standards are met before studies can begin.
What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
This research strategy statistically combines results from multiple independent studies.
What is a meta-analysis?
This scale of measurement would classify patients by blood type.
What is nominal?
This type of relationship describes how increased smoking is linked to decreased lung function.
What is a negative relationship?
A study compares a new physical therapy program for knee rehabilitation to standard exercises and reports p = 0.03 for the difference in recovery times. Based on this result, the researcher should make this decision about the null hypothesis.
What is reject (the null)?
This specifies exactly how a construct or variable will be measured or manipulated in a study.
What is an operational definition?
This type of variable remains constant across all conditions of an experiment.
What is a control variable?
This quality of a measure means it produces consistent results under similar conditions.
What is reliability?
This type of hypothesis predicts no difference in pain relief between two medications.
What is the null hypothesis?
This type of error occurs if a researcher concludes a new drug works when in fact it does not.
What is a Type I error?
This type of variable is an unwanted factor that influences results and interferes with causation conclusions.
What is a confound (confounding variable)
This bias occurs because studies showing that a new treatment works are more likely to be published than studies showing no effect.
What is publication bias?
This variable in a drug study is manipulated by researchers to test its effect on recovery.
What is the independent variable (IV)?
This type of hypothesis would predict a link between exercise and lower blood pressure, but not specify whether it increases or decreases.
What is a non-directional hypothesis?
The widely accepted minimum level of power researchers use when calculating sample size.
What is 0.80 or 80%?
The name for someone who appears to be a participant but is actually working with the researcher.
What is a confederate?
This type of research strategy is best for establishing cause-and-effect relationships
This type of reliability is tested when two nurses independently score the same patient’s pain behavior.
What is inter-rater reliability?
This type of hypothesis would predict that physical activity and fall risk are related in older adults, but it does not predict whether activity increases or decreases the risk.
What is a non-directional hypothesis?
This effect size measure might show how much a drug reduces cholesterol levels in men compared to women.
What is Cohen's d
A cardiac rehabilitation program worked well in hospitals but failed when community health centers tried it. This research concern related to external validity was likely the culprit of this failure.
What is setting validity?
In this role, participants try to be helpful by confirming the researcher’s hypothesis.
What is the good subject role?
This issue arises when many patients score at the top end of a symptom severity scale, leaving little room to detect improvement.
What is a ceiling effect?
clinician observes that several patients with stroke improved their arm function after mirror therapy, then proposes a general hypothesis that mirror therapy may benefit most stroke patients. This reasoning style is being used.
What is inductive reasoning?
Two clinical trials test different medications for reducing migraine frequency. Drug A has an NNT of 4, while Drug B has an NNT of 12. Based on these results, this drug provides greater benefit per patient treated.
What is Drug A