laryngeal cartilage
What cartilage provides the structure for onset and offset of voicing?
arytenoids
What muscle relaxes the VF?
thryomuscularis
What cavity is described as the space between the true VF?
describe PHONATION- MYOELASTIC- AERODYNAMIC THEORY OF PHONATION.
basically, this theory explains how the myo elastic structures of the VF interact with the airflow
*EXTRA
Major principles of the theory:
1. Contraction of transverse and oblique arytenoids and
lateral cricoarytenoids cause the vocal folds to adduct
2. Upon adduction, subglottal air pressure increases
relative to supraglottal air pressure
3. Increased subglottal air pressure causes the vocal folds
to begin abduction (inferior to superior)
(Boone et al, 2020)
4. When abducted, the velocity of airflow between the vocal
folds increases while the pressure decreases (Bernoulli
effect)
5. Decreased air pressure plus elastic recoil of the vocal
folds causes them to move back toward midline
6. Vocal folds approximate inferior to superior
(Boone et al, 2020)
What is the highest register of phonation?
Modal, glottal fry, falsetto
Falsetto, the VF become thin and make contact very briefly, degree of movement is reduced and confined to medial edge
what cartilage has a diameter similar to the trachea?
cricoid
what muscle is the sole abductor of the VF?
posterior cricoarytenoid
what structures do the hyoepiglottic ligament connect?
the hyoid and the epiglottis
Do the VF approximate:
Superior to Inferior
or
Inferior to Superior
Inferior to superior
What is optimal pitch?
-Frequency of vibration most appropriate for the individual
-can be estimated from a cough or a throat clear
-varies with gender and age
What cartilage has superior and inferior horns as landamarks?
thyroid cartilage
what muscle is the primary tensor the VF?
cricothyroid
what structures does the cricotracheal ligament connect?
the cricoid and trachea
A cough occurs in response to an irritant or foreign object in the respiratory passageway
When we cough we breathe in deeply through widely abducted folds and then tightly adducted the VF
Significant sub glottal pressure from forced expiration blows the VF apart
The generation of enough air will blow the VF apart
During normal speech the stages of the vibratory cycle are describe as being: opening stage 50%, closing stage 37%, and closed stage 13%. During phonation that has an increased intensity what stage increases and what stage decreases? Why?
The opening stage reduces to 33% and the closed phase increases to 30%
Because....
VF stay closed longer due to tight compression
increase sub glottal pressure is required to blow VF open, and this increased pressure leads to larger opening which then return to closed phase more quickly
*extra note
opening stage: VF are open
closing stage: VF returning to the point of approximation
closed stage: complete closure with no air escaping
What is the largest laryngeal cartilage? is it paired or unpaired?
thyroid
what are the names of the 3 adductor of the VF?
lateral cricoarytenoid, oblique arytenoid, transverse arytenoids
Do the false folds adduct during normal speech?
no
What is the Bernoulli effect and how dos it relate to the VF?
The Bernoullis principle sates that in a given constant volume of air or fluid, at a point of constriction there is an increase of velocity of the flow and a decrease in pressure
HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO THE VF?In other words, the high velocity of air flowing through the Vocal Folds causes the pressure to decrease which makes the VF suck together.
How do you increase intensity?
Deep inhalation followed by tight adduction of the VF
There needs to be an increase in subglottal pressure in order to blow tightly adducted VF open
Name all of the laryngeal cartilages. How many types? How many total?
thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, cuneiforms, corniculates, epiglottis
6 types, but 9 total
Describe the VF if the posterior cricoarytenoid is paralyzed.
The fibroelastic membrane lines the airway except between the vocal and ventricular ligament (T/F)
TRUE
Describe the body cover theory.
What's the difference between the body and the cover?
Two layers of vocal folds with different structural
properties
Body- allows adjustment of stiffness and
concentration of the mass (deep lamina propria, thyroartyenoid muscle)
Cover- pliable, elastic, where mucosal wave
primarily occurs (squamous epithelium, superficial lamina propria, intermediate lamina propria)
Is the larynx higher or lower in the neck before puberty?
Is the larynx softer or harder as you age?
the larynx is higher in the neck before puberty
the laryngeal structure harden as you age