PUSH & PULL FACTORS
This type of factor describes reasons that make people LEAVE rural areas.
What is a push factor?
This age group is MOST likely to migrate from rural to urban areas.
What is youth OR young people?
This essential service has experienced the greatest decline in rural NSW, along with retail services.
What is banking?
These three types of healthcare workers are difficult to recruit and retain in rural areas.
Who are doctors, nurses, and specialists?
For Indigenous Australians, this deep spiritual and cultural bond with traditional lands makes the decision to migrate particularly difficult.
What is Connection to Country?
Name TWO pull factors that attract people to cities.
What are better job prospects/wages, quality healthcare/education, entertainment/lifestyle, OR social and cultural diversity?
When young people leave rural areas, this type of population structure develops, where elderly outnumber young people.
What is an ageing population OR inverted demographic pyramid?
Name THREE types of essential services that are declining in rural areas.
What are healthcare, education, banking, retail, public transport, libraries, OR community facilities? (any 3)
This gender is MORE likely to leave rural areas and LESS likely to return, creating a demographic imbalance.
Who are young women OR females?
When young Indigenous people migrate to cities, these two important things are at risk of being lost from their communities.
What are traditional knowledge and languages?
Name ONE push factor and ONE pull factor related to education that influences families to migrate from rural to urban areas.
This term describes the shortage that occurs in rural areas when young, productive workers leave for cities, making it difficult for businesses to find employees.
What is workforce depletion OR skills shortage?
According to the lesson, falling student enrollment in rural schools leads to this consequence, which then encourages more families to leave.
What are reduced subject choices and activities OR program cuts OR teacher shortages OR school closures?
This happens to rural hospitals and clinics when population decline means less government funding and difficulty finding staff.
What is they close OR reduced medical services OR limited access to specialist care?
This term describes when Indigenous Australians face a difficult choice between staying on Country with declining services or moving to cities and losing cultural connection.
What is unique cultural and psychological stress OR a forced difficult choice?
This percentage of Australians currently live in urban areas rather than rural regions.
What is 67%?
Since the year 2000, this many rural Australians have migrated to urban areas.
What is 2 million (or 2M+)?
This happens to rural schools when student enrollment numbers fall due to families migrating to cities.
What is school closures OR consolidation OR reduced subject choices/programs?
Name THREE social consequences of internal migration on rural communities.
What are family separation, loss of community cohesion, cultural erosion, closure of sports clubs/volunteer organizations, OR isolation of elderly residents? (any 3)
Name THREE specific ways that rural decline affects Indigenous Australian communities differently than other Australians.
What are: loss of Connection to Country, traditional knowledge/language loss, disruption of kinship networks, loss of culturally responsive education, breakdown of intergenerational knowledge transfer, OR cultural practices become harder to maintain? (any 3)
Over 2 million rural Australians have migrated since 2000. Explain how ONE push factor and ONE pull factor can work together to accelerate the rate of internal migration.
Describe the "negative spiral" that occurs when businesses close in rural areas due to population decline.
What is: Fewer customers lead to business closures, which reduces services and employment, causing property values to decline, giving remaining residents fewer reasons to stay, leading to more migration and further business closures?
Explain how reduced tax revenue creates an infrastructure deterioration cycle in rural communities.
What is: Population decline reduces tax revenue for local councils, meaning less money to maintain roads, bridges, utilities, and public facilities, which makes the area less attractive, causing more people to leave, further reducing tax revenue?
Explain how healthcare challenges in rural areas contribute to further migration, creating a negative cycle.
What is: Healthcare workers leave for better opportunities in cities, causing services to close and medical care to decline, which pushes remaining residents (especially families) to move to cities for healthcare access, further reducing the population and funding, making it even harder to attract healthcare workers?
Explain what "compounding disadvantage" means for Indigenous Australians in rural areas experiencing population decline, and give TWO examples of how existing problems get worse.
What is: Compounding disadvantage means that Indigenous Australians already face systemic disadvantage (lower income, health issues, unemployment, discrimination), and rural decline makes ALL these existing problems worse. Examples: (1) Already higher unemployment becomes even worse when businesses close, (2) Already lower life expectancy worsens when healthcare services close, (3) Educational disadvantage increases when schools close or cut programs, (4) Poverty deepens when job opportunities disappear?