Ch. 07 Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy
The study of the form and structure of an organism.
Congenital
Acquired during development of the infant in the uterus and existing at or dating from birth.
Diagnosis
Identifying the disease or stating what it is.
Genes
The structure that carries inherited characteristics.
Inherited
Transmitted from parents to child genetically.
Cell
Microscopic structures that carry on all the functions of life. Made up of protoplasms.
Connective tissue
The supporting fabric of organs and other body parts. There are two main classes: soft and hard. The soft ones are for energy storage and the hard ones are shock absorbers and allow for flexibility.
Edema
Too much tissue fluid.
Genome
Total mass of genetic instruction humans inherit from their parents.
Lysosomes
Oval or round bodies found throughout the cytoplasm. These structures contain digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign materials, an important function of the body’s immune system.
Cell membrane
Outer protective covering of the cell, also known as the plasma membrane. It allows certain substances to enter and leave the cell.
Cytoplasm
A semifluid inside the cell but outside the nucleus.
Endoplasmic reticulum
A fine network of tubular structures located in the cytoplasm. This network allows for the transport of materials into and out of the nucleus, and also aids in the synthesis and storage of proteins.
Golgi apparatus
A stack of membrane layers located in the cytoplasm. This structure produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell.
Meiosis
Cell division that produces four genetically unique haploid cells from a single diploid cell.
Centrosome
Located in the cytoplasm and near the nucleus. It contains two centrioles. During mitosis, or cell division, the centrioles separate. Thin cytoplasmic spindle finders from between the centrioles and attach to the chromosomes. This creates an even division of the chromosomes in the two new cells.
Degenerative
Caused by a deterioration of the function or structure of body tissues and organs either by normal body aging or lifestyle choices such as diet and exercise.
Epithelial tissue
Covers the surface of the body and is the main tissue in the skin.
Homeostasis
A constant state of natural balance within the body.
Mitochondria
Rod-shaped organelles located throughout the cytoplasm. These are often called the “furnaces” or “powerhouses” of the cell because they break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fasts to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the major energy source of the cell. A cell can contain just one to more than 1000 mitochondria.
Chromatin
Located in the nucleus and made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein. During cell reproduction, chromatin condenses to form chromosomes.
Dehydration
Too little tissue fluid.
Etiology
Cause of the disease.
Infectious
Caused by a pathogenic organism such as a bacteria or virus.
Mitosis
A single cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.