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Pathophysiology Foundations

100

This term is defined as the study of the pathology and physiology of disease, or "altered health"

Pathophysiology

200

This refers to the extent to which a measurement tool accurately measures what it is intended to measure

Validity

300

This term describes a disease state where abnormal physical findings are present, but the individual experiences no symptoms or discomfort

Asymptomatic

400

This classification of disease refers to the deterioration of various parts of the body over time

Degenerative

500

These disturbances, such as those seen in diabetes, involve abnormalities in cellular energy processes

Metabolic Diseases

The Microbe Files

100

These single-celled microorganisms are classified by their shape: coccus (spherical), spirillium (helical), or bacillus (elongated)

Bacteria

200

These round, single-celled fungi are classified as facultative anaerobes, meaning they can live with or without oxygen

Yeasts

300

These microbes are roughly 1/3 the size of bacteria, lack a rigid cell wall, and are known to cause certain types of pneumonia

Mycoplasma

400

This type of microbe depends on a host cell for nutrients, possesses a rigid cell wall, and is typically transmitted to humans via an arthropod bite, such as a tick

Rickettsiae

500

These specific substances are released only when a bacterial cell wall decomposes and are notoriously unaffected by antibiotics

Endotoxins

Internal Warfare (Host Defenses)

100

These two physical barriers serve as the body's primary "1st line of defense" against pathogens

Skin & mucous membrane

200

This specific type of white blood cell is the primary responder for viral infections

Lymphocytes

300

These are immature neutrophils, and an increase in their count is referred to as a "shift to the left"

Bands

400

These are the largest white blood cells; they mature into macrophages and become the predominant cell type at an injury site within 48 hours

Monocytes

500

This stage of the acute inflammatory response involves four distinct steps: chemotaxis, adherence/opsonization, engulfment, and intracellular killing

Phagocytosis

Inflammation Station

100

These are the five cardinal hallmarks of inflammation, often referred to by their Latin names: rubor, tumor, calor, dolor, and functio laesa

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function

200

This is the primary chemical mediator of inflammation, responsible for both vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Histamine

300

During the vascular stage of acute inflammation, this immediate and brief action occurs before vasodilation takes place

Arteriolar vasoconstriction

400

These chemical mediators, which are blocked by NSAIDs like ibuprofen, are responsible for stimulating pain receptors and inducing fever

Prostaglandins

500

This type of inflammatory exudate is thick and sticky, creating a meshwork similar to a blood clot

Fibrinous exudate

Body Alarms (Fever/Systemic Signs)

100

This structure serves as the body’s "thermostat" and is responsible for regulating temperature in response to pyrogens

Hypothalamus

200

This term describes any substance, whether exogenous (like bacteria) or endogenous (like cytokines), that produces a fever

Pyrogen

300

This stage of a fever is characterized by fleeting aches, pains, and a general feeling of malaise

Prodromal

400

These two specific inflammatory cytokines, released by macrophages and monocytes, are primarily responsible for the development of fever

IL-1 & IL-6

500

This systemic manifestation involves the breakdown of skeletal muscle to provide amino acids for the immune response and tissue repair

Muscle catabolism