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The knowledge and skills required for specific types of employment.
Vocationalism
The ability to move up or down the social ladder.
Social mobility
Anything in an individual´s cultural background that gives them advantages over others.
Cultural capital
A specific measurement of individual intelligence, where a score of 100 is average.
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
A prediction that by being made causes it to come true.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Marxist idea stating that schools encourage values which benefit the ruling class.
Ideological State Apparatus
The extent to which people are connected to social networks and how this can be used for their advantage.
Social capital
A situation where males and females choose or are given different subjects to study.
Gendered curriculum
When individuals or groups do not do as well in the educational system as they might be expected to do.
Underachievement
A process by which students are streamed on a subject by subject basis.
Setting
Situation in which groups of children of different measured ability are taught differently in all subjects on the formal curriculum.
Streaming
Process by which supply and consumption of educational goods and services are opened up to private and public competition.
Marketization
The things that students learn through the process of attending school.
Hidden curriculum
A process that involves naming something and by doing so, associating it with a specific set of social characteristics.
Labelling
Groups that develop within schools around similar interests, beliefs and behaviours.
Student subcultures
The view that the organization of schools closely corresponds to the organization and demands of the workplace.
Correspondence principal
Parents with wealth and resources are able to influence their children´s education, so their achievement is a result of this influence rather than the child´s ability.
Parentocarcy
A set of ways of thinking and acting that people are socialized into; used to explain how middle class students fit into middle class schools.
Habitus
As a cause of educational underachievement, it suggests a lack of important cultural resources like parent encouragement.
Cultural deprivation
Subcultural grouping that explicitly rejects the norms and values promoted through traditional types of schooling.
Counter-school culture
System where schools are open to all children regardless of their economic status, previous educational achievement or residence.
Comprehensive education
The practice of assigning particular characteristics to whole gender groups, regardless of individual differences.
Gender stereotyping
A strong contrast between attitudes and values in a student´s home and family compared with those at school.
Culture clash
When students are put into classes according to their ability; covers streaming, setting and banding.
Ability grouping
Supplementary educational programs designed to compensate children for their deprived home backround.
Compensatory education