An arm and a leg
What is likely to be damaged if the surgical neck of the humerus is fractured?
posterior humeral circumflex a and axillary nerve (C5,C6)
Growth along the anterior posterior axis causes…what regulates it?
Growth along the dorsal ventral axis causes…what regulates it?
Thumbs different from fingers and great toe different from pinkie toe, SHH regulation
Palm distinct from dorsum of hand, sole of foot from top of foot, WNT7a regulation
What weight bareing mobility aid provides the most relief?
what is ...
crutches
81. What muscle fibers fatigue the quickest and which have myoglobin content?
Type I – red myoglobin – oxidative – require oxygen, will be highly vascularized
Type IIa – red myoglobin - oxidative – require oxygen, will be highly vascularized
Type IIb/x – fatige the fastest – glycolytic – do not require O2, less vascularized, won’t need myoglobin (as much)
51. How does myelin enhance conduction of an action potential? include membrane resistance, capacitance, time constant, and length constant.
what is...
Increases membrane resistance which increases the length constant so the impulse can travel farther
Mylin decreases capacitance which will decrease the time constant and allow the wave to move faster
Where does the radial nerve travel?
BE SPECIFIC
what in the world is...
the radial groove of the humerus
too much ZPA signals will…
Increase AER long limbs and polydactyly
90. What are the most important things to consider when selecting the right mobility aid?
31. What part of the muscle detects stretch?
what is
Intrafusal fibers – special contractile fibers within a muscle spindle
62. What is the main source of ROS in the body? What are some other sources?
The mitochondrial ETC – main source
NADPH oxidase – superoxide from NADPH and O2
Metabolic byproducts
Ionizing radiation, reactive metals
What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
what is ...
Biceps femoris
gastrocnemius medial and lateral heads
semimembranosus
what is ...
Medial lateral
Popliteal a, v, tibial n
you are a zygote on 4th maybe 5th day of gestation, floating through the uterus. You think, ah, what a wonderful day out, plenty of sites to implant. I'm am not sure I want to implant yet, but I know I want to be good embryo. I don't want to implant too low and cause...
placenta previa - where the placenta cover's the cervix, blocking the baby's exit.
72. A deontologist would say, which of the following?
what is...
Focus on the means (action motive) rather than the ends (consequences) – absolutism
Glycogen synthase is active when it is … glycogen phosphorylase is active when it is …
dephosphorylated, phosphorylated
99. Phosphorylation of PFK2 and FBPase2 will (multiple right answers)
A. Increase F26BP production
B. Increase PFK1 activity
C. Increase FBPase 2 activity
D. Increase F6P in the cell
Answers C and D
phopsphorylation of PFK2 PFK2 activity decreases. Therefore, FBPase 2 activity will increase increase F6P inhibiting progression through glycolysis
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 dermatomes supply what?
The posterior divison of the brachial plexus is from the ___ border or ____ condensation and forms ____ and _____.
Posterior division – extensors and supinators – from post-axial border, posterior condensation
If the outcome criteria is not objective or unbiased, what bias is likely to occur?
Selection bias – representative cohort or not
Susceptibility bias – classify patients correctly or not
Detection bias – objective criteria and unbiased or not – answer
Why does temporal summation (in muscles) result in a greater tension for longer time?
Calcium has not fully sequestered back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, therefore, when the next stimulus comes, more Ca2+ is released in addition to the Ca2+ already in the sarcoplasm greater contraction, greater tension
103. Glyogenin 1 is a result of … and results in …
what is ...
Deficiency in glycogenin leading to exercise intolerance because cannot make glyocen stores
what nerves supply each of the following? Include spinal roots! Denote which is related to winged scapular matey.
brachioradialis muscle
lumbricals 3 and 4 muscle
superior gemellus muscle
serratus anterior muscle
subscapularis muscle
brachioradialis - radial n C567
lumbricals 3 and 4 - deep branch of the ulnar n C8T1
superior gemellus muscle - nerve to obturator internus L5S1S2
serratus anterior - long thoracic n C567
Subscapularis - subscapular n C56
24. Disruption of FGF8 signaling will result in
Inability to maintain the AER
Ceasing of further limb growth and development
If there is a dropout in a study, it indicates that the outcomes are…known or unknown?
Known – dropouts means we recorded drop outs, we know the outcomes
Unknown – this is when we lose subjects, and do know/cannot contact them
PRANKED! Ethics Question not muscle metabolism question
In distributive justice, what are the two principles that arise?
Equal right to basic liberties
Social and economic inequalities based on greatest benefit to least advantaged, and fair equality of opportunity
104. Decreased Carnitine pamitoyltransferase II leads to...
what is...
Carnitine and acylcarnitine build up and stop. The acylcarntitine cannot be broken down because CPTII is defective. As a result, carnitine in the matrix cannot be pushed out because the carnitine acytlcarnitine translocase relies on antiport to transport each in/out of the matrix. Inabiltiy to free acetyl CoA from acylcarnitine inability to carry out B oxidation. Can only rely on glycogen stores and glucose for energy