Measurement & Sampling
Which of the following is NOT a variable?
a) Height
b) Amount of sugar intake
c) Political affiliation
d) Number of days in a week
e) Hours spent on social media
d) Number of days in a week
"How much confidence do you have in the President's ability to handle domestic and foreign policy?" is an example of a .....
a) Double-barreled question
b) Leading question
c) Double-negatives
d) None of the above
a) Double-barreled question
The Subway Samaritan Study (Piliavin et al., 1969), where researchers staged an emergency on a New York subway train, where an actor collapsed either with a cane or drunk, is an example of...
a) Lab experiment
b) Natural experiment
c) Survey experiment
d) Field experiment
d) Field experiment
What is the cutoff value for a significance testing?
p less than _________
The full name of this course is...
Communication Industry Research Methods
You are conducting a study of the 70,000 employees at Google. You make a list of 10,000 Google employees. Among those 10,000 employees, you send a survey to 1,000 randomly selected employees. Of those employees, 500 take your survey.
What is the sampling frame in this study?
List of 10,000 Google employees
Which of the following is NOT true?
a) Social desirability bias is a tendency to answer questions in a way that is viewed favorably by others
b) Acquiescence bias is a tendency to disagree with the research statements without considering their true preference.
c) Order effects occur when one's response to a question is influenced by their response to a previous question on that survey.
d) All of the options are true.
b) Acquiescence bias is a tendency to agree with the research statements without considering their true preference.
What is the difference between a field experiment and a natural experiment?
Whether the IV is manipulated by the researcher
A researcher wants to compare the levels of self-esteem among Instagram users versus TikTok users. The researcher asks participants to use either Instagram or TikTok for 20 minutes and measures their self-esteem. Which statistical test is the most appropriate in answering the research question?
a) Independent samples t-test
b) Paired samples t-test
c) ANOVA
d) Correlation
a) Independent samples t-test
Jessica's last name is... (Spell it out)
Ryu
Which of the following is NOT true?
a) Gender is a nominal variable.
b) Class ranking is an ordinal variable.
c) Temperature in Fahrenheit is an interval variable.
d) Intelligence (IQ score) is a ratio variable.
d) Intelligence (IQ score) is a ratio variable.
IQ score is an interval variable (no true zero point; IQ score of 0 doesn't mean absence of intelligence)
Please rate your manager on the following traits:
Unfair ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ Fair
Active ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ Passive
This question uses a _______________ scale.
a) 5-point Likert
b) 7-point Likert
c) semantic differential
d) dichotomous
c) semantic differential
Define a between-subjects design and a within-subjects design in an experimental study.
In a between-subjects design, participants are assigned to ONE of the conditions; in a within-subjects design, participants are assigned to ALL of the conditions.
What does ANOVA stand for?
Analysis of Variance
The course number of this course is...
a) 3123
b) 3086
c) 3163
d) 3136
c) 3163
Order the four levels of measurement, from least complex to most complex.
a) Interval
b) Nominal
c) Ratio
d) Ordinal
b (Nominal) -> d (Ordinal) -> a (Interval) -> c (Ratio)
Explain what it means by close-ended questions must be (a) exhaustive and (b) mutually exclusive.
a. Response options must cover every possible answer a participant might have
b. All response options must be unique; No overlap
A tendency of people to change their behavior when they are being observed is called ________ effect.
Hawthorne
A researcher is interested in the relationship between hours of sleep (IV) and happiness (DV). The researcher runs a correlational analysis, which shows Pearson's r = 0.40.
What percent of the variance in happiness (DV) is explained by hours of sleep (IV)?
16%
(0.40 X 0.40 = 0.16)
The course instructor Jason's last name is...
a) Cronel
b) Coronel
c) Cernel
d) Carnel
b) Coronel
Which of the following is NOT a type of probability sampling? (Hint: Probability sampling involves a random selection of a sample)
a) Quota sampling
b) Simple random sampling
c) Systematic sampling
d) Stratified sampling
e) Cluster sampling
a) Quota sampling
Participants are selected based on certain quotas until the target number is met. The selection is not random.
A researcher finds that ice cream sales and the number of crimes have a strong positive correlation. The researcher concludes that ice cream causes crime.
Explain why the researcher's conclusion is problematic.
There is a confound (e.g., rise in temperature) that caused an increase in both ice cream sales and the number of crimes.
Order effects occur when the question order affects participants' responses.
Explain ONE way to mitigate order effects.
1. First broad questions, then narrow questions
2. When in doubt, randomize the question order
3. Create a buffer between problematic questions
Match each type of statistics with the corresponding effect size.
a) T-test, b) Correlation, c) ANOVA
1) Eta-squared, 2) R-squared, 3) Cohen's d
T-test: Cohen's d
Correlation: R-squared
ANOVA: Eta-squared
Which of the following topics did we NOT cover in this class?
a) T-test
b) Levels of measurement
c) Experiment
d) Multiple regression
e) Null hypothesis significance testing (NHST)
d) Multiple regression