Middle Ages
These religious communities were places where monks lived, worked, and prayed.
Monasteries
This artist painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
Michelangelo
This German monk is often credited with starting the Reformation.
Martin Luther
Absolute monarchs often claimed that their authority came directly from God through this belief.
Divine Right
This belief holds that people who share a common culture, language, or history should govern themselves.
Nationalism
Kings and nobles often sought approval from the Church because it held this kind of authority.
Spiritual Authority
Renaissance thinkers looked to the achievements of these two ancient civilizations for inspiration.
Greece and Rome
This invention helped spread Reformation ideas quickly across Europe.
Printing Press
This Spanish king ruled during Spain's Golden Age and built a powerful empire.
Philip II
This slogan expressed colonial anger about being taxed without representation in Parliament.
No taxation without representation!
This Church punishment excluded a person from participating in the sacraments and Church community.
Excommunication
This invention by Johannes Gutenberg helped spread Renaissance ideas throughout Europe.
Printing Press
This council met between 1545 and 1563 to clarify Catholic teachings and enact reforms.
Council of Trent
In 1588, Spain's naval power suffered a major defeat when this fleet was defeated by England.
Spanish Armada
During this period, thousands were executed as revolutionary leaders sought to eliminate opposition.
Reign of Terror
Church officials sold these documents, which were said to reduce punishment for sins.
Indulgences
This artist painted the famous fresco The School of Athens.
Raphael
This Church court sought out and punished heresy.
Inquisition
This French king famously declared, "I am the state."
Louis XIV
This Italian nationalist and revolutionary worked for the unification of Italy.
Giuseppe Mazzini
These workers in monasteries copied books before the invention of the printing press.
Scribes
This scholar wrote In Praise of Folly.
Desiderius Erasmus
According to Luther, believers could reach salvation through faith alone, a doctrine known by this Latin phrase.
Sola Fide (Faith Alone)
To strengthen royal authority, Russian rulers maintained this labor system that tied peasants to the land.
Serfdom
This Prussian statesman used "blood and iron" policies to help unify Germany.
Otto von Bismarck