The Four Caliphs
This companion was the first Rightly Guided Caliph.
Who is Abu Bakr as-Siddiq?
These wars fought during Abu Bakr's caliphate were against tribes who had left Islam after the Prophet's death.
What are the Ridda Wars?
This principle refers to consultation in governance and decision-making.
What is Shura?
This calendar system established by Umar begins with the year of the Prophet's migration to Medina.
What is the Hijri Calendar?
This military commander was initially removed by Abu Bakr but reinstated and led many successful campaigns.
Who is Khalid ibn al-Walid?
This caliph was known as "Al-Faruq" and established many administrative systems.
Who is Umar ibn al-Khattab?
During this battle, many Quran memorizers were killed, leading to the first compilation of the Quran.
What is the Battle of Yamama?
This institution established during the Rightly Guided Caliphate served as the public treasury.
What is Bayt al-mal?
This place was where Muslims gathered after the Prophet's death to discuss leadership succession, where Abu Bakr was selected as caliph.
What is Saqifah?
This wife of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) led the opposition against Ali at the Battle of the Camel.
Who is Aisha?
This caliph standardized the text of the Quran.
Who is Uthman ibn Affan?
This battle was fought between Ali's supporters and those of Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr.
What is the Battle of the Camel?
This principle established during the Rightly Guided Caliphate meant that everyone, including the caliph, was subject to the same laws.
What is Rule of Law?
Umar established this position separate from the governor to handle legal disputes.
What is the Qadi (Judge)?
This governor of Syria during Uthman's caliphate later became the first Umayyad caliph.
Who is Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan?
This caliph moved the capital from Medina to Kufa during his rule.
Who is Ali ibn Abi Talib?
This event was an attempt to resolve the conflict between Ali and Muawiyah through negotiation.
What is the Arbitration (Tahkim)?
This system established by Umar was used for registering citizens and distributing salaries.
What is the Diwan?
This form of governance established after Ali's death replaced the principles of the Rightly Guided Caliphate with hereditary succession.
What is the Umayyad Dynasty/Caliphate?
This extremist group emerged during Ali's caliphate, rejecting both Ali and Muawiyah and eventually assassinating Ali.
Who are the Kharijites?
This caliph was married to two daughters of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) at different times, earning him the title "Dhun-Nurayn" (Possessor of Two Lights).
Who is Uthman ibn Affan?
This city was conquered during Umar's caliphate in 638 CE, and Umar personally received its surrender.
What is Jerusalem?
This principle, rooted in the Quran and exemplified by the Rightly Guided Caliphs, involves protecting and providing for various vulnerable groups in society.
What is the Welfare System?
This council appointed by Umar before his death was tasked with selecting his successor.
What is the Shura Council (or the Council of Six)?
This companion was one of the scribes of the Quran and played a major role in its standardization during Uthman's caliphate.
Who is Zayd ibn Thabit?