Name the Bias
(Given the Definition)
(Given the Definition)
Our tendency to ascribe others' behaviors to character traits we imagine they have. We tend to overlook the situational factors that influenced their behaviors
Fundamental Attribution Error
Define Confirmation Bias
The tendency to favor and look for evidence that supports our existing beliefs
What is true of a conclusion reached by inductive reasoning?
If the premises are true, the conclusion is probable (or maybe even only possible)
What is an argument?
An attempt to give reasons, evidence, or support for some point of view
Define premise
A proposition that supports, or helps to support, an argument's conclusion
Our tendency to let what we learn about an event after the event shape our original memory of it
The Misinformation Effect
Availability Bias
Our tendency to place greater value on information that comes to mind quickly
Which form of reasoning produces conclusions which are certainly true if its premises are true?
Deductive reasoning
An argument is said to be _________ when its supporting evidence is robust and its claim's warrant is clear.
Reasonable
These arguments are also said to be strong when they meet both requirements!
What is knowledge?
A true, justified belief
Bonus: What is truth?
The tendency to react to information and / or choices in different ways depending on how it is presented.
The phrasing/presentation of the argument matters more to us than the content of it.
Framing Effect
Illusory Truth Effect
The tendency to believe information is true when you have heard it enough
What is the goal of abductive reasoning?
To construct the best possible explanation for a scenario
Like induction, conclusion is not certain even if the premises are true
What do weak arguments lack?
Either a clear warrant, or robust evidence.
Bonus: What would we call an argument that lacks both of these?
What are the 3 acts of the mind?
1. Understanding - creates a concept, grasps the meaning of something
2. Judging - creates a judgement, links 2 concepts
3. Reasoning - creates an argument, tries to determine the truth of a statement
Our tendency to see past events, even random ones, as more predictable than they were
The Hindsight Bias
Dunning Kruger Effect
The tendency of low-ability individuals within a domain to overestimate their competence / skill / ability in that domain.
Our tendency to overestimate our abilities and knowledge within a field.
What does it mean for an argument to have a "clear warrant"?
It has good reasons to connect the evidence to the claim of the argument
What is robust evidence?
2R3S:
Relevant, representative, sufficient, sharable, shakable
What does the "w +/- s" approach refer to?
The world is more or less what it seems to be (relating to our sensory experiences)
Our tendency to ascribe our actions to external causes and others' to internal causes
Actor-Observer Bias
Define Anchoring Bias
Our tendency to rely too heavily on information we get early on in a thinking process
What does a reasonable argument need?
Robust evidence + clear warrant
What is the difference between a valid argument, and a sound argument?
Both apply to deductive arguments
Valid: It is not possible for the premises to be true if the conclusion is false
Sound: the argument is valid AND the premises are true
What are the 3 pairs of glasses and what does each ask?
1. Are its terms clear?
2. Are its supporting propositions true?
3. Does its reasoning follow a good thinking pattern?