Pioneers of Therapy
Who is considered the “father of psychoanalysis"
Sigmund Freud
What are Freud’s three parts of the personality?
Id, Ego, Superego
Who developed classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
Who developed Gestalt Therapy?
Fritz Perls
Who is known for Bowen Family Systems Theory?
Murray Bowen
What is the primary focus of Narrative Therapy?
Externalizing the problem / re-authoring the story
Which theorist developed Person-Centered Therapy?
Carl Rogers
According to object relations theory, what are “internalized objects”?
Mental representations of caregivers/others
In operant conditioning, what increases behavior by removing an aversive stimulus?
Negative Reinforcement
What are the three core conditions of Person-Centered Therapy?
Empathy, Congruence, Unconditional Positive Regard
Which systems concept refers to overly rigid or diffuse boundaries?
Enmeshment / Disengagement
Which therapy emphasizes the cycle of violence in relationships?
Feminist Therapy / Trauma-informed approaches
Who introduced Structural Family Therapy?
Salvador Minuchin
Which psychodynamic concept refers to redirecting feelings for one person toward the therapist?
Transference
What is the CBT term for exaggerated negative thinking patterns?
Cognitive distortions
Which humanistic therapist emphasized “peak experiences”?
Abraham Maslow
In Structural Family Therapy, what does “joining” mean?
Therapist aligns with family members to build rapport
In the termination phase of therapy, what is the therapist’s primary focus across most modalities?
Consolidating gains, reviewing progress, preparing for relapse prevention, and processing the ending of the therapeutic relationship.
This theorist emphasized the concept of “learned helplessness.”
Martin Seligman
In attachment theory, which style is characterized by inconsistent caregiver availability?
Anxious/Ambivalent
In exposure therapy, what is the term for gradually facing a feared stimulus?
Systematic desensitization / graded exposure
In Gestalt, what is the “empty chair technique” used for?
To externalize and process dialogue with parts of self/others
Which systemic intervention involves prescribing the symptom or encouraging the problem?
Paradoxical intervention
In multicultural counseling, what does “cultural humility” emphasize?
Lifelong learning, self-reflection, and openness
Who created the concept of the “double bind” in family systems?
Gregory Bateson
In the middle phase of psychodynamic treatment, what is the therapist’s primary focus?
Working through transference, resistance, and deepening insight into unconscious conflicts.
Which CBT model identifies situation → thought → feeling → behavior → result?
Beck’s cognitive model
Which experiential approach emphasizes role-play and dramatization to resolve conflict?
Psychodrama / Moreno
Which systemic theorist is known for Strategic Family Therapy?
Jay Haley
Which therapy uses bilateral stimulation to reprocess trauma?
EMDR / Francine Shapiro