Skeletal
Name of cells primarily involved in producing collagen and enzymes that help in the mineralization of the bone tissue
Osteoblasts
Main neurotransmitter involved in contraction of skeletal muscles
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Involuntary muscular contractions of the GI tract that moves food through GI tract
Peristalsis
Fibrous tissue connecting muscles to bones
Tendons
Joint disease characterized by narrowing of joint space, osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis and cysts
Osteoarthritis
Dynamic process of bone formation and resorption regulated by hormonal, nutritional, and mechanical factors
Bone remodeling
Contractile unit of striated muscle cells
Sarcomeres
Main role of bile produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder
Emulsification of fats
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by involuntary contraction of striated muscles due to disinhibition of the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord
Tetanus
Two main classes of medications used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease caused by H. pylori
Antibiotics and inhibitors of acid production
Hormone produced by the thyroid that stimulates bone formation and decreases blood calcium levels
Calcitonin
Protein that undergoes conformational change in response to ATP unbinding, leading to muscle contraction
Myosin
Precursor of main enzyme responsible for digesting proteins in the small intestine
Trypsinogen (chymotrypsinogen)
Form of type III hypersensitivity reaction that affects primarily the joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can cause changes detected in endoscopy of the upper parts of the GI tract
Crohn's Disease
Disease caused by Vitamin D deficiency in children, characterized by excessive curvature of long bones
Rickets (osteomalacia)
Muscular disease caused by blockage of ACh receptor on the muscle cell membrane
Miastenia Gravis
Physiopathological mechanism that explains ascites and hematemesis seen in chronic liver disease (such as cirrhosis)
Portal hypertension
Disorder characterized by increased levels of a hormone that increases blood calcium levels and can lead to higher concentration of calcium in urine and kidney stones
Hyperparathyroidism
Main clinical indicators of fulminating hepatitis / acute liver failure
Encephalopathy (coagulopathy also accepted)
Disorder in the production of bone collagen that manifests as bone fragility and fractures
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Name of bacteria that produces exotoxin that leads to botulism
C. botulinum
Name of disorder characterized by transformation of esophageal epithelium into intestine-like epithelium
Intestinal metaplasia (Barrett's esophagus)
Type of anemia caused by disorder that interfere with the production of intrinsic factor by parietal cells in the stomach
Megaloblastic anemia / Pernicious anemia / B12 deficiency anemia
T-scores of individuals with osteoporosis in bone densitometry
-2.5 or lower