Vocab
What term refers to the physical traits or characteristics that can be observed in an organism?
Phenotype
Which term describes a trait that is expressed when at least one copy of its allele is present?
Dominant
What type of reproduction involves two parents and results in genetically varied offspring?
Sexual reproduction
What do genes provide instructions for inside the cells of living organisms?
Proteins
What do we call the external conditions, such as climate or availability of resources, that can influence an organism’s traits?
Environmental factors
What do we call the different versions of a gene that an organism can inherit?
Alleles
What do we call the two-letter combination that represents the alleles an organism has for a trait?
Genotype
What type of reproduction involves only one parent and produces genetically identical offspring?
Asexual reproduction
What term describes the different forms of a gene that can influence how a trait appears?
Alleles
What do we call traits that an organism is born with because they are passed down from its parents?
Inherited traits
What term describes the genetic makeup of an organism, including the alleles it carries?
Genotype
What tool is commonly used to predict the probability of offspring inheriting certain traits?
Punnett square
What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction in populations?
Increased genetic variation
What type of muscle fibers are associated with quick, powerful movements like sprinting?
Fast‑twitch muscle fibers
What term describes how both genes and the environment can work together to shape an organism’s characteristics?
Gene–environment interaction
What type of reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent?
Asexual reproduction
What term describes an allele that is only expressed when two copies are present?
Recessive
What is the main advantage of asexual reproduction for organisms?
It is fast and produces many identical offspring quickly
What type of muscle fibers are associated with endurance activities like long‑distance running?
Slow‑twitch muscle fibers
What do we call any non‑genetic influence—like temperature, water, or sunlight—that affects how an organism grows or develops?
Environmental influence
What term describes a change in the DNA sequence that may alter how a gene works?
Mutation
What do we call the observable result of an organism’s allele combination for a trait?
Phenotype
What term describes the genetic sameness in organisms produced through asexual reproduction, which can make them more vulnerable to disease?
Lack of genetic diversity
What do we call the version of a gene that may not produce a functioning protein, leading to differences in physical performance?
A mutation
What term describes the complete set of genetic instructions that an organism inherits, which can affect how it responds to its environment?
Genetic makeup (genotype)