Vocab
What term refers to the physical traits or characteristics that can be observed in an organism?
Phenotype
Which term describes a trait that is expressed when at least one copy of its allele is present?
Dominant
What type of reproduction involves two parents and results in genetically varied offspring?
Sexual reproduction
A tall heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous dominant plant.
50/50 (TT:Tt)
What do we call the external conditions, such as climate or availability of resources, that can influence an organism’s traits?
Environmental factors
What do we call the different versions of a gene that an organism can inherit?
Alleles
What do we call the two-letter combination that represents the alleles an organism has for a trait?
Genotype
What type of reproduction involves only one parent and produces genetically identical offspring?
Asexual reproduction
What ratio of plants in the offspring would you predict from a Yy x Yy cross?
1:2:1 (25:50:25)
What do we call traits that an organism is born with because they are passed down from its parents?
Inherited traits
What term describes the genetic makeup of an organism, including the alleles it carries?
Genotype
What tool is commonly used to predict the probability of offspring inheriting certain traits?
Punnett square
What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction in populations?
Increased genetic variation
In dogs, short hair (H) is dominant over long hair (h).
Cross: Hh × hh
50/50 (Hh:hh)
*** Creativity points**** What term describes how both genes and the environment can work together to shape an organism’s characteristics?
Gene–environment interaction
What type of reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent?
Asexual reproduction
What term describes an allele that is only expressed when two copies are present?
Recessive
What is the main advantage of asexual reproduction for organisms?
It is fast and produces many identical offspring quickly
A trait shows 75% dominant phenotype and 25% recessive phenotype in offspring.
What are the most likely parent genotypes?
2 Heterozygous parents
What do we call any non‑genetic influence—like temperature, water, or sunlight—that affects how an organism grows or develops?
Environmental influence
Where is all of the genetic information held in humans?
Chromosome
What do we call the observable result of an organism’s allele combination for a trait?
Phenotype
What term describes the genetic sameness in organisms produced through asexual reproduction, which can make them more vulnerable to disease?
Lack of genetic diversity
A plant with dominant phenotype (T_) is crossed with tt.
The offspring are 50% tall and 50% short.
What is the unknown parent genotype?
What term describes the complete set of genetic instructions that an organism inherits, which can affect how it responds to its environment?
Genetic makeup (genotype)