DKA
What are the 3 diagnostic criteria for DKA?
Hyperglycemia, ketonemia/ketonuria, metabolic acidosis
What is the first-line treatment for mild to moderate dehydration in AGE
ORT
What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis?
RSV
1st priority for treating client with asthma exacerbation
fix hypoxemia/give oxygen if sat are <95%
Why are children with T1DM at risk of DKA during illness?
Stress hormones increase insulin resistance and ketone production
What is the first treatment in DKA?
IV fluids (perfusion first!)
What is first line drug given in mild to moderate dehydration?
Ondansetron
What is Palivizumab?
-monoclonal antibody given to high risk patients
What is a red flag sign requiring ED assessment? (give 3)
can't speak, signs and symptoms of WOB, lethargy
Which Canadian provinces have high incidence of T1DM
Quebec and Newfoundland
What lab value confirms DKA resolution?
normalization of pH
Calculate the min fluid requirement/treatment for a 20kg child diagnosed with severe dehydration.
200ml fluid bolus of isotonic IV fluid (NaCl)
What is the mainstay of bronchiolitis treatment?
Supportive care (hydration, suctioning, oxygen if needed)
list 3 side effects of ventolin
tachycardia, tremors, hypokalemia, nervousness, shakiness, headache, and irregular heartbeat/palpitation, dry mouth
What education should be reinforced at discharge after a DKA episode? (min 3)
Sick day management, ketone monitoring, insulin adherence, and follow-up care, s/s of DKA
What signs may indicate cerebral edema? (List min 4)
Headache, irritability, vomiting, bradycardia, wide pulse pressure, irregular resp, desaturations
What foods would you teach parents to avoid for a client diagnosed with AGE (min 4)?
e.g. Sugary foods, spicy foods, milk, gatorade, fatty foods
Outline pathophysiology of bronchiolitis vs asthma
Bronchiolitis is a viral infection (often RSV) causing inflammation, edema, and mucus in the small airways (bronchioles), leading to obstruction and impaired gas exchange.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the lower airways triggered by allergens, infections, or irritants. It causes bronchoconstriction, airway edema, and increased mucus production, leading to airflow obstruction and wheezing.
List 4 anticipated treatments/nursing interventions for client with PRAM of 9.
ventolin, corticosteroid, magnesium sulphate. IV fluids, monitoring, PRAM reassessments, oxygen, position client to facilitate breathing
list 3 roles of counter regulatory hormones in blood glucose management/T1DM
*bonus 100pts, list the counter-regulatory hormone released by the pancreas and its role
-glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, ketogenesis
-glucagon- glycogenolysis
What is the purpose of the 3-bag system in DKA?
To adjust dextrose, fluids, and insulin rates safely and flexibly during treatment
A 2 year old child comes in with sunken eyes, diarhea, low urine output, irritability, dry mucous membranes. They weigh 10kg. Their weight 1 week ago was 9.5kg. Vitals are HR= 150bpm, BP= 100/60. What stage of dehydration are they in? What is their recommended treatment? Calculate it.
Moderate (BP normal. LOC impacted but not severe). ORT (50-100ml/kg over 4hr, so 475-950ml over 4hr)
Describe Intrinsic vs extrinsic asthma (5 points needed to be given)
Extrinsic Asthma (Allergic Asthma): Triggered by allergens (like pollen, dust mites, pet dander, mold). Most common in children and young adults. Often comes with other allergic conditions (like hay fever or eczema). Body’s immune system overreacts to harmless substances. Think: Outside triggers cause asthma symptoms.
Intrinsic Asthma (Non-Allergic Asthma): Not caused by allergens. Triggered by things like stress, cold air, exercise, infections, or smoke. More common in adults, especially women. Harder to identify the exact cause. Think: Inside factors or non-allergic triggers cause asthma symptoms.
demonstrate correct steps of using MDI with spacer (demonstrate to group)
- compare it to steps in asthma action plan
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, cognitive concerns, poor wound healing, fatigue, hunger