Application Problems
Which of these bond types is the strongest?
a. hydrophobic interactions
b. van der Waals forces
c. ionic bonds
d. covalent bonds
e. hydrogen bonds
d. covalent bonds
All macromolecules are assembled by _________ reactions. All macromolecules are broken down by __________.
dehydration (condensation); hydrolysis
In the Hershey-Chase experiment, radioactive _____ tagged protein and radioactive _________ tagged DNA.
sulfur; phosphorus
What are the 3 major reasons why cells divide?
growth, repair, reproduce
What three components must be present to identify a gene?
1. promoter: 5' - TATA(AA..) - 3'
2. 5' - ATG - 3' (eventual start codon)
3. 5' - stop codon - 3'
Heat disrupts the forces that hold a protein together. If a protein were to be exposed to heat, which level(s) of the protein structure will be unaffected
primary
(primary, tertiary, and quaternary structures have covalent bonds, the strongest bond type, but tertiary and quaternary structures have other forces (hydrophobic, ionic, hydrogen, disulfide) that will be disrupted by the heat)
What are the functions of proteins?
Essentially everything (enzymatic, reception, transport, contractile, etc.) except information storage
What were the three hypotheses for DNA replication?
conservative, semiconservative, and dispersive
What is directionality of DNA replication?
5' to 3'
RNA polymerase reads template DNA in the __________ direction and catalyzes the addition of nucleotides in the _________ direction.
3' to 5'
5' to 3'
What sequence of amino acids is produced by this mRNA? Label N and C terminus
5' AUG CCU CUA GGG UGA 3'
What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?
deoxyribose has H attached to the 2' carbon
ribose has OH attached to the 2' carbon
What is the Meselson-Stahl experiment prove?
DNA replication occurs through the semiconservative pathway
denaturation, annealing, extension
What are the three phases (in chronological order) of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
silent, missense, nonsense, frameshift
What are the four types of mutations?
Consider the following mRNA:
5' AUG AUU CAC ACU UGC UGA 3'
Which mutation would have the worst effect?
a. the sixth nucleotide is changed from U to C
b. the fifth nucleotide is changed from U to C
c. AAA is inserted after the first codon
d. a C is inserted between the second and third codon
c. AAA is inserted after the first codon
What bond type is used to link adenine and thymine? What bond type is used to link cytosine and guanine?
double; triple
What did Rosalind Franklin's double helix diffraction observations suggest?
1. DNA is double stranded
2. The sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside
What enzyme is used to connect Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand?
ligase
hydrolysis, glycosylation, phosphorylation
What are the 3 major post translational modifications?
A new planet is discovered. Through analysis, only 9 amino acids can be detected. Given that all four nucleotides are present and the reading frame of 3 nucleotides/codon is preserved, what is minimum number of nucleotides in a codon?
minimum number = 2
there are 4 nucleotides; 3 nucleotides/codon
each part of the codon has four options
formula: (# of nucleotides)^(# of nucleotides/codon) = # of codons
Disulfide bonds are only found in ________.
cysteine
Griffith's experimentation with pathogenic and harmless bacterium strains on mice led to the discovery of a phenomenon he called ____________.
transformation
What is need to perform PCR?
- Taq polymerase
- nucleotides (ATCG)
- DNA template
- DNA primers
- cations (Mg2+ cofactor)
What makes up the initiation complex?
5' to 3' mRNA, small protein subunit and tRNA w/leading methionine