Evaluating Causal Claims
The group that endures “no treatment” or a neutral condition
Control Group
Different factors (e.g., a third variable) that could account for significant results are called:
Confounds
In a within-group experiment, ________ characteristics are more of a risk than in between-group experiments.
demand
After running an ANOVA, a _____ test is used to determine the differences between all of the means.
post-hoc
In a procedures section, you must mention ____ approval.
IRB / ethics
A variable that an experimenter alters
manipulated variable
A sample is always ______ than a population.
Smaller
A ______ design gives researchers more power to find differences between conditions.
within-group
Upon contacting participants, a researcher who asks these participants to refer her to even more people with their same characteristic is an example of ______ sampling.
When describing a psychological survey in the measure's sub-section of the procedure, you should include a(n)_______ item with the corresponding range of response options such as ______.
sample/example item, e.g. 1= strongly agree, 7=strongly disagree
Generally, what is the main type of validity prioritized in experimental studies?
Internal Validity
For causal claims, the independent variable is ______, typically by the experimenter.
Manipulated
In a post-test/pretest design, participants receive the _____ variable more than once.
measured
This section of an APA paper should be written similar to a baking recipe.
the procedure section
An _____typically involves a comparison of three or more means and, if used, should be mentioned in the results section.
ANOVA
What are the three criteria that are required for a causal claim?
covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity
This ______ condition provides a baseline against which to compare the effects of the experimental condition.
control
In _____-experimental designs, the researcher does not have experimental control over an independent variable and cannot randomly assign participants to a condition.
quasi
Keeping the research assistant blind to the study hypothesis can help reduce this bias.
experimenter (aka observer) bias
When reporting post-hoc results, you should compare and contrast the ______ of all the different groups while noting where the significant differences are.
means
Experiments use random assignment to avoid what main issue.
Selection Effects
An experiment in which each participant is randomly assigned to one level of the independent variable and then tested on the dependent variable once is called a _____ design.
post-test only
This procedure cancels out individual differences and reduces selection biases between conditions.
random assignment
Ethnicity is an example of a _____ variable while age is an example of a ____variable.
Categorical; Continuous
(120 seconds) Using the following info and indicating italicization, write out the following results in APA:
df between=4
df within = 67
F=58.92
Sig. =.000
F(4, 67) = 58.92, p < .001