Summer
What variable shows the amount of force per unit area applied to an object's surface?
pressure
n a gas, when temperature increases, what happens to kinetic energy and pressure (direct relationship)?
Kinetic energy increases and pressure increases (assuming volume constant) — directly proportional.
What is a small particle that is the building block of matter?
_____________________ Law: Pressure and volume are inversely proportional (for a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature).
Boyle's
The result of the motion of all particles and the distance and attractions between them is:
thermal energy
What is a substance made of only one type of atom?
element
What is stored energy due to interactions between particles or objects?
PE
In a gas, when pressure increases, what happens to volume (inverse relationship)?
Volume decreases (assuming temperature constant) — inversely proportional
On a heating curve, when the substance is changing state and temperature remains constant, which type of energy increases?
PE
In which state of matter are there very weak attractions between particles?
gas
What is energy due to motion?
KE
When a balloon is placed in cold air and the gas inside cools, what happens to the particle motion and the balloon's volume?
Particle motion (kinetic energy) decreases and the balloon's volume decreases.
What is the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a material?
temperature
What term describes the transfer of thermal energy between matter by collisions of particles (example: touching a hot pan)?
conduction
What changes are likely to happen to particles in liquid water as thermal energy is removed?
slow down
get closer together
What is the change from liquid to gas called?
vaporization
On a heating curve, when energy is added and the state is not changing, which type of energy increases?
Kinetic energy (temperature increases).
What is a group of atoms held together by chemical bonds that act as a unit?
molecule
Name the two flat segments on a heating curve and what happens to temperature during them.
Melting and boiling (or boiling/evaporation); temperature remains constant during each phase-change plateau.
The transfer of thermal energy from one material to another by electromagnetic waves is:
radiation
Which state has particles closely packed but can slide past each other?
Liquid
What is the process called when particles lose kinetic energy, move closer together, and take up less space (liquid → solid)?
Freezing (or condensation for gas→liquid; freezing specifically liquid→solid).
What type of material does thermal energy not flow through easily (examples: wood, foam, air)?
thermal insulator
In which state do particles move at high speeds, travel in straight lines until collisions, and have high kinetic energy?
gas
When the temperatures of materials in contact become the same over time, they have reached:
thermal equillibrium