16th and 17th Centuries
Which historical figure broke away from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534 and declared himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England?
Henry VIII
Before the French Revolution, the French population was divided into three social classes called "estates." Which estate made up 98-99% of the population but had the least political power?
The Third Estate
What major energy source drove the Industrial Revolution and powered factories, steamboats, and trains?
Steam power
What communication device, patented by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone in 1837, allowed messages to be sent efficiently over long distances?
The telegraph
What fundamental issue was the primary cause of the American Civil War?
Slavery
What 16th-century movement challenged the medieval Catholic Church's monopoly on truth and salvation, sparked by Martin Luther's 95 Theses?
The Protestant Reformation
During the French Revolution, what was the violent period called where approximately 17,000 people were officially executed?
The Reign of Terror
Samuel Slater is considered the father of the American Industrial Revolution for bringing what to Rhode Island in 1793?
Textile mills
Who piloted the first successful powered airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on December 17, 1903?
The Wright Brothers
During what years did the US Civil War take place?
1861-1865
During the 17th-century English Civil War, what theory championed by James I held that monarchs derive their authority directly from God?
The Divine Right of Kings
After overthrowing the monarchy in the name of democracy, who eventually rose to power as a charismatic dictator and Emperor of France?
Napoleon Bonaparte
What engineering marvel, completed in 1825, connected Lake Erie to the Atlantic Ocean using over 70 locks?
The Erie Canal
What kind of gun made World War I much more deadly that previous wars had been?
The machine gun
Where was Lincoln assassinated?
Ford's Theater
Which 17th-century philosophical theory, developed by thinkers like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, argued that political authority comes from the consent of the governed
The Social Contract Theory
What was the name of the standardized legal system implemented by Napoleon that modernized French law but severely restricted women's rights?
The Napoleonic Code
What was the name of the early 19th-century movement in England where textile workers protested unfair labor practices by destroying factory machinery?
The Luddite movement
Who invented the telephone?
Alexander Graham Bell
What 1863 executive order by President Abraham Lincoln officially freed enslaved people in the rebelling states?
The Emancipation Proclamation
Led by figures like Galileo and Newton, what movement established empirical reason and evidence as a new domain for understanding the physical world?
The Scientific Revolution
What disastrous 1812 military campaign led to the destruction of Napoleon's Grande Armée, reducing it from over 600,000 men to just 40,000 survivors?
The Invasion of Russia
Before electricity was widely available, what heavy, heated metal tool did farm wives heat on a wood stove to press clothes?
"Sad irons"
Who invented both the light bulb and the phonograph?
Thomas Edison
Which infamous 1857 Supreme Court decision ruled that Black people had "no rights which the white man was bound to respect," making war inevitable?
The Dred Scott decision