The More Things Change...
1. The variable you measure/observe
2. The variables you keep consistent throughout an experiment
3. The variable you alter/change
1. What is the dependent variable?
2. What are control variables?
3. What is the independent variable?
This is the type of trait for a genotype Aa.
What is heterozygous?
This era occurred after the Paleozoic and before the Cenozoic. It's commonly referred to as the "Age of Reptiles".
What is the Mesozoic Era?
Organisms with helpful/beneficial traits are more likely to thrive and reproduce, causing the traits to become more common. An example of this is rabbits with thicker fur surviving cold weather better than rabbits with thinner fur and passing the thick-fur trait to their offspring.
What is natural selection?
This percent of the genotypes will be RR in the following Punnett Square below:
R r
R ?? ??
r ?? ??
What is 25%?
This scientific process happens when a buried shell, bone, or tooth is exposed to mineral-rich fluids (typically groundwater). These fluids seep into the porous rock material.
What is permineralization?
DAILY DOUBLE:
This is DNA wrapped around proteins (known as histones) that are most abundantly/commonly found in the nucleus of cells.
What are chromosomes?
This is the era that we all live in now and is known as the "Age of Mammals". It started 66 mya and continues to this present day.
What is the Cenozoic Era?
This is where a branch splits in a cladogram and represents a common ancestor.
What is a node?
Carbon-13 has this many protons and neutrons, respectively.
What are 6 protons and 7 neutrons?
QUESTIONABLE QUADRUPLE:
The age of uranium-235, which has a half-life of approximately 704 million years, when only 3.125% of it remains.
What is 3.52 billion years?
The number of chromosomes a typical human has.
What is 46?
This "super eon" is considered the first and largest chunk of Earth's history.
What is the Precambrian Era/Super Eon?
A new trait shared by organisms in a cladogram model.
What is a derived trait?
One of two or more alternative versions of a gene at a specific location (locus) on a chromosome. For each autosomal gene, the organism inherits two of these; one from their biological mother and the other from their biological father.
What are alleles?
1. Preservation of evidence of activities, including the revealing of tracks, impressions, droppings, etc.
2. The result of a dead organism, or part(s) of it, getting preserved by surrounding rocks and ultimately fossilizing.
1. What is a trace fossil?
2. What is a body fossil?
A gene contains the instructions to create this many proteins.
a. What is one?
b. What is one functional RNA molecule?
(Both answers are acceptable)
This era in geologic time contained early life and was the time when an immense variety of aquatic organisms came about and diversified. In fact, it kicked off with a rapid burst of evolution that is now known as the Cambrian Explosion. This major evolutionary event occurred 540 mya.
What is the Paleozoic Era?
This is the set of observable traits/characteristics of an organism. It includes height, blood type, eye color, and behavior.
What is a phenotype?
DAILY DOUBLE:
These internal and external changes occur randomly in the DNA of a cell or an organism. Theses alterations are classified either as gene-level changes affecting small groups of nucleotide base pairs or as chromosomal changes that restructure large segments of DNA or genetic material.
What are mutations?
This states that in undisturbed rock layers, the fossils and layers at the bottom are the oldest, while the fossils and layers at the very top are typically the youngest/most recently existed.
What is the Law of Superposition?
These are the base pairs for the nucleotide bases adenine and guanine, respectively, in double helix DNA.
What are thymine and cytosine?
TANTALIZING TRIPLE:
The Great Oxidation Event occurred during this era in geologic history. This event was caused by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria (a type of blue-green algae).
What is the Proterozoic Era?
Tiktaalik has fish traits and early land-dwelling animal traits, while Archaeopteryx has non-avian dinosaur traits and modern bird traits. These types of fossils provide evidence for evolution and show how organisms changed over time.
What are transitional fossils?
Scientists Gregor Mendel and Reginald Punnett are connected due to this visual tool of predicting genotypes and phenotypes of potential offspring by utilizing information about their genetic alleles.
What is a Punnett Square?