vocabulary
what is a mutagen?
a substance that can mutate DNA
what is the cell cycle controlled by?
proteins!
what is cancer?
when the regulaton breaks down, and mitosis occurs uncontrollably
what are mutations?
mistakes in dna sequencing (the order of nitrogen bases)
what do chromosomal mutations do?
they change the structure or numbers of chromosomes
what is a carcinogen?
a substance that can cause cancer
what are the types?
external and internal
what can uncontrolled mitosis lead to and what are they?
tumors, are clumps of cancer cells formed as a result of uncontrolled mitosis
what are the types of mutations?
frameshift, or point
what are the 2 main types of chromosomal mutations?
deletion and duplication
how can you remember this?
m for mutate, c for cancer
explain internal regulation
its where the regulation happens via things inside the cell, such as proteins that break the cycle at the checkpoints if they arent working right
what are the 2 main types of tumors, and what do they do?
benign - abnormal cells remain in a clump
malignant - cancer cells that break off the original tumor and spread
what are frameshift mutations? what is happening?
either deletion - a base is lost/deleted or insertion - a base is added. essentially if one leg of the table is removed, the entire thing falls (amino acid sequence changes from there on).
what is deletion? example?
when 1 is taken out or lost
original - a/b/c * d/e/f
mutated - a/c * d/e/f
explain external regulation
its where the process is regulated via factors outside the cell - such as nutrients, hormones, and proteins released by other cells
what is the spreading of disease called?
metastasize
what are substitution mutations? what is happening?
only one base is substituted for another. there are missense mutations, silent mutations, and nonsense mutations.
missense - changes amino acid/mis-direction (take one wrong road and you go the complete opposite direction)
silent - doesnt change the amino acid (if you dont say anything, nothing will change)
nonsense - changes amino acid to STOP (if your doing nonsense, you need to STOP.)
what is duplication?
when a segment of a chromosome is copied an extra time
original - a/b/c * d/e/f
mutated - a/b/b/c * d/e/f
what are the causes (or carcinogens) of cancer?
- biological factors
- lifestyle choice
- viruses/infections
- chemicals
- uv radiation
what is nondisjunction?
when a chromosome doesnt seperate properly during anaphase