Terminology
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
A single-stranded molecule that helps in gene expression, acting as a messenger and involved in protein synthesis
This molecule is synthesized during transcription.
RNA
Variations in traits like hair texture are determined by differences in what?
4o
Nucleotides in DNA
Did DNA evolve from a carbohydrate combining with nitrogen-containing compounds? T/F
False. A molecule had characteristics of both DNA/RNA that developed later chemically evolving.
Who determines the order of amino acids sequence in protein synthesis?
Nitrogenous base
Transcription
The process of copying DNA into mRNA, which carries genetic instructions to make proteins.
This enzyme is responsible for unwinding DNA and synthesizing RNA during transcription.
RNA polymerase
Translate mRNA to amino acid:
5'- AUG GUU AAA CGA CAA UCC -3'
Methionine - Valine - Lysine - Arginine - Glutamine - Serine
Having different traits, change in mRNA products and different protein synthesized are results of what?
Mutation in DNA sequence
How are all organism similar with nucleotides?
Nucleotides are DNA bases that determines protein synthesis
Translation
The process where the mRNA code is used to assemble amino acids into proteins in the ribosome.
What is the immediate consequence of an error in the transcription of a DNA nucleotide?
4o
A codon sequence is incorrect
These structures on tRNA pair with codons on mRNA to ensure the correct amino acids are added to a growing protein
Anticodons on tRNA pair with mRNA codons to join amino acid form proteins
To affect future generation of a species what type of mutation in the chromosome must happen?
Insertion mutation of any point mutation of the sperm cell.
Put these in order:
1. Amino acids join together to form a polypeptide chain.
2. Messenger RNA binds to the ribosome.
3. The specific anticodon on tRNA pairs with the corresponding codon on mRNA.
4. Messenger RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template.
Mutation
A change in DNA sequence that can alter genetic information, potentially affecting protein function.
Transcribe DNA sequence:
5' - TAC CGC GGG ACC - 3'
AUG GCG CCC UGG
This sequence signals the end of transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Terminator. [Stop Codon: UAA UAG and UGA]
If I change 3' GCT 5' to 3' GTT 5'. What did the amino acid mutated into?
Ala → Val
When does transcription and translation happen?
During DNA replication
The central dogma
DNA to RNA to Proteins
What is the initial step in gene expression from parent strand double helix DNA to mRNA? what is the process called and what is produced?
Transcription
mRNA
These proteins assist RNA polymerase in binding to the promoter region and initiating transcription in eukaryotic cells.
Transcription factors
The mutation in this sequence, where the original GACTAGCAC becomes GACTAAGCAC, is an example of this type of mutation.
Inserted missense mutation
Where do proteins typically travel to after being synthesized?
Endoplasmic reticulum(smooth or rough) depends