Cities of Mesopotimia
This famous city was home to the Ishtar Gate and a king named Hammurabi, who is best known for his early code of laws.
Baboloyn
Because Mesopotamia lacked stone and timber, Savvas notes that builders used the sun to bake these, the primary material for city walls and homes.
Mud bricks
To protect against invaders and the flat open plains, Sumerian cities were famously surrounded by these, often made of mud-brick.
City walls
Because cities like Ur and Uruk had a food surplus, many people could quit farming and do this—the process of becoming an expert in one type of work.
Specialization.
Sumerians believed that a specific one of these lived in and "owned" each city-state, protecting its people.
God or Diety.
Often considered the first true city in the world, this Sumerian powerhouse was ruled by the legendary King Gilgamesh.
Uruk
This city, often called the first true "metropolis," was surrounded by a massive wall six miles long, built by the legendary King Gilgamesh.
Uruk
This empire, mentioned in Lesson 2, used advanced iron weapons and battering rams to breach the walls of rival cities.
Assyrians?
This social class in the city was responsible for keeping records of grain shipments and taxes using cuneiform.
Scribes.
This term describes the Sumerian belief in many gods, which led them to build shrines for different deities within the city.
Polytheism.
Biblical tradition names this city as the birthplace of Abraham, but archaeologists know it for its remarkably well-preserved Great Ziggurat built by King Ur-Nammu.
Ur
In a typical Sumerian city-state, the social hierarchy was shaped like a triangle; these individuals sat just below the king and priests, managing trade and workshops.
merchants.
Sargon of Akkad was able to conquer Sumerian city-states because they were weakened by years of this internal problem.
Fighting or a conflict.
Since Mesopotamia lacked many natural resources, cities became centers for this, exchanging surplus grain for timber, stone, and metals.
Trade.
According to Lesson 1, these people originally ran the city governments because they were the only ones who knew how to please the gods.
Preist
Mesopotamian cities were organized around this massive, stepped-pyramid temple, which served as the city’s religious, economic, and political heart.
Ziggurat
According to the textbook, the city of Ur was unique because it was situated near the mouth of this river, allowing it to become a wealthy center for sea-going trade.
Euphrates River
Babylonian leader sought to bring "justice" to his city's people by creating a uniform set of laws so the strong could not oppress the weak.
Hammurabi
Savvas highlights this specific group of people who lived in the city and made fine jewelry, pottery, and cloth for the upper classes.
Artisans.
This structure was the tallest building in any Mesopotamian city, intended to be a "stairway" for gods to descend to Earth.
Ziggurat.
This northern Mesopotamian city became the center of a powerful empire known for its military technology, including iron weapons and the use of horse-drawn chariots.
Assur
In the center of the city-state sat this "mountain of god," a multi-layered temple that symbolized the city's connection to the heavens.
Ziggurat
The "Standard of Ur" features a panel called "War" that depicts this wheeled vehicle, which was a major military innovation for city defense.
Chariot
This famous city-state was located near the Persian Gulf, making it a major "port city" for sea trade with distant lands like India.
Ur
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