Show:
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS, CONTROLS & COMMUNICATIONS
W/B
CHART SUPPLEMENT, WEATHER & RUNWAY SELECTION
ZULU TIME & V-SPEEDS
FLIGHT MANEUVERS & PREFLIGHT
100
  • Name the “6 Pack” flight instruments and their definition.
  • What units are used?
  • Airspeed Indicator (use Knots)
  • Attitude Indicator (degrees of bank)
  • Altimeter (field elevation) and AGL = MSL)
  • Turn Coordinator NA
  • Heading Indicator (degrees like compass)
  • Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) (FPM)


100
  • Define Center of Gravity (CG).
  • What is Basic Empty Weight?

The point where the aircraft balances.

Basic weight of aircraft, including unusable fuel and undrained oil.

100
  • What is a Chart Supplement?
  • What are the three main aviation weather sources?

What is a Chart Supplement?

A publication containing airport information such as:

  • Frequencies
  • Runway data
  • Services
  • Lighting
  • Remarks
  • Hours of operation

2. What are the three main aviation weather sources?

  • ATIS
  • AWOS
  • ASOS
100
  • What is Zulu Time?
  • Why do pilots use it?

What is Zulu Time?

Universal aviation time standard, also called UTC/GMT. (Coordinated Universal Time & Greenwich Mean Time)

2. Why do pilots use it?

To avoid confusion between different time zones.

100

How do pilots level off from a climb or descent?

Pitch, power, trim
200
  • Why do airplanes use knots instead of MPH?
  • What is the difference between MSL and AGL, and which one do pilots primarily use?

Airplanes use knots because of the earth's curvature, so we have to consider that it's also a lot more accurate than MPH

AGL - Above ground level used for clouds doesn't take field elevation into consideration 

MSL - pilots primarily use this is mean sea level, which our altimeter read this is fe + agl

Pilots primarily use MSL because charts, terrain, and ATC altitudes are based on sea level.

200
  1. Define:
  • Arm
  • Moment

ARM - Distance from the reference point (datum) to the item being weighed. (moment/ weight)

The force created by weight at a distance from the datum. (rotational force) Moment = Weight × Arm

200
  • What information is included in an ATIS broadcast?
  • What is the “information letter”?

What information is included in an ATIS broadcast?

  • Airport identifier
  • Time
  • Wind
  • Visibility
  • Clouds
  • Temperature/dew point
  • Altimeter
  • Runway in use
  • Notices/advisories

A phonetic code identifying the current ATIS recording (ex: Information Alpha).

200
  • Where is Zulu Time based?
  • Which U.S. states do NOT observe daylight savings time?

Where is Zulu Time based?

Greenwich, England at the Prime Meridian.

2. Which U.S. states do NOT observe daylight savings time?

  • Arizona (most of it)
  • Hawaii
200
  1. Describe the proper sight picture for:
  • Climb
  • Straight-and-level flight
  • Descent

1. nose on horizon 10 degrees nose up

2. 3 fingers from dash to horizon 

3. 5 fingers from dash to horizon (500 fpm)

300
  1. What do pitch bars and bank angle markings represent on the attitude indicator?
  2. What does +1.0 vs -1.0 mean on the Vertical Speed Indicator?
  • Pitch bars show nose attitude above or below the horizon. (ex 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10 etc)
  • Bank markings show the degree of turn/bank angle. (10,20,30,45,60)
  • +1.0 = climbing at 1,000 feet per minute
  • -1.0 = descending at 1,000 feet per minute
300
  • What is the Datum?
  • What is the CG Envelope?

Datum- An imaginary vertical reference line from which all measurements are taken.

Envelope- The safe operating area where the aircraft’s center of gravity must remain during flight.

300
  1. Define:
  • Headwind
  • Crosswind
  • Tailwind

Headwind- Wind blowing directly against aircraft movement.

Crosswind- Wind blowing across the runway.

Tailwind- Wind blowing in the same direction as aircraft movement.

300
  1. What does “V-speed” mean?
  2. Define:
  • Vr
  • Vx
  • Vy

What does “V-speed” mean?

Velocity speed- The airspeeds used for specific maneuvers in a specific aircraft at specific configurations

2. Define: Vr, rotation speed. 60 MPH 

Vx Best angle of climb (most altitude over shortest distance). 78 MPH

Vy Best rate of climb (most altitude over shortest time). 89 MPH

300
  • What does IDENT do?
  • What is ADS-B In vs ADS-B Out?
  • Why is traffic displayed on your GTN 750?

What does IDENT do?

Highlights aircraft target on ATC radar.

2. What is ADS-B In vs ADS-B Out?

ADS-B In

Receives traffic/weather information.

ADS-B Out

Broadcasts aircraft position and altitude.

3. Why is traffic displayed on your GTN 750?

Because the aircraft is equipped with ADS-B In and traffic systems.

400
  1. What are the primary flight controls?
  2. What are the secondary flight controls?
  • Ailerons
  • Elevator
  • Rudder
  • spoliers 
  • trim 
  • flaps


400
  1. Explain the difference between:
  • Center of Gravity
  • Center of Lift
  • Tail Down Force

Center of Gravity- The balance point of the aircraft.

Center of Lift- The point where the lift is considered to act on the wing.

Tail Down Force- Downward force created by the tail to help stabilize and balance the aircraft.

400
  • What is a wind component chart, and how is it used?
  • How do you determine the best runway using winds?

What is a wind component chart, and how is it used?

A chart used to determine crosswind and headwind/tailwind components based on runway direction and wind angle.

2. How do you determine the best runway using winds?

Choose the runway most aligned into the wind (headwind) to minimize crosswind and avoid tailwinds.

400
  1. Define:
  • Va
  • Vfe
  • Vne
  • Vglide

Va- Maneuvering speed. 129 MPH

Vfe- Maximum flap extended speed. 115 MPH

Vne- Never exceed speed. 171 MPH

Vglide- Best glide speed for engine failure. 80 MPH

400
  1. What is a transponder, and what is it used for?
  2. What do the following squawk codes mean?
  • 1200
  • 7500
  • 7600
  • 7700

What is a transponder, and what is it used for?

Device transmitting aircraft identification and altitude to ATC radar.

2. What do the following squawk codes mean?

  • 1200 = VFR
  • 7500 = Hijacking
  • 7600 = Radio failure
  • 7700 = Emergency
500
  1. Explain the 4 W’s of communication and why they are important.
  2. Describe the roles of:
  • Ground
  • Tower
  • Approach/Departure

The 4 W’s:

  • Who you are talking to
  • Who you are
  • Where you are
  • What you want

They ensure clear, concise communication and reduce confusion.

2. Describe the roles of:

  • Ground: taxi operations
  • Tower: takeoff/landing clearance and runway operations
  • Approach/Departure: sequencing aircraft arriving/departing airspace
500
  1. Why is CG important?
  2. Explain what happens with:
  • Forward CG
  • Aft CG
  1. Why can both conditions be dangerous?

Why is CG important?

CG affects:

  • Stability
  • Stall characteristics
  • Takeoff/landing performance
  • Aircraft controllability

2. Explain what happens with: Forward CG

  • More stable
  • Harder to rotate
  • Longer takeoff roll
  • Heavier control feel
  • Better stall recovery

Aft CG

  • Less stable
  • Easier to rotate
  • Faster cruise
  • More sensitive controls
  • Difficult stall recovery

3. Why can both conditions be dangerous?

Too much forward CG can prevent rotation or flare.
Too much aft CG can make the aircraft unstable and difficult to recover from stalls/spins.

500
  1. What is Gust Factor?
  2. What is the formula for adding gust factor to landing speed, and why do we add it?
  3. Define:
  • SKC
  • FEW
  • SCT
  • BKN
  • OVC

1. What is Gust Factor? Difference between steady wind and gust speed.

2. What is the formula for adding gust factor to landing speed?

Add HALF the gust factor to the final approach speed.

3. Why do pilots add HALF the gust factor?

To compensate for sudden airspeed loss caused by gusty winds.

4. Define:

  • SKC = Sky Clear
  • FEW = 1/8–2/8 cloud coverage
  • SCT = 3/8–4/8 scattered clouds
  • BKN = 5/8–7/8 broken clouds ceiling
  • OVC = 8/8 overcast ceiling
500
  • What speed should you use during an engine failure, and why?
  • What speed should you slow to during turbulence, and why?
  • Where can aircraft limitations and V-speeds be found?

What speed should you use during an engine failure, and why?- Vglide because it provides maximum glide distance.

2. What speed should you slow to during turbulence, and why? - Va because it protects the aircraft from structural damage during abrupt control inputs.

3. Where can aircraft limitations and V-speeds be found? - In the POH (Pilot’s Operating Handbook).

500
  1. During preflight:
  • Where should the oil level be?
  • What do the antennas represent?
  • How much usable fuel does the aircraft carry?
  • How many fuel vents are on the aircraft?
  1. When inbound for landing, what steps should a pilot complete before landing?

Where should the oil level be? Typically, around 6 quarts, depending on aircraft limitations.

What do the antennas represent? Communication 1 & 2, VOR navigation, ELT, GPS/ADS-B systems.

How much usable fuel does the aircraft carry?

usable 48 gals

How many fuel vents are on the aircraft?

4 fuel vents, 2 on each side

2. When inbound for landing, what steps should a pilot complete before landing?

  • Obtain weather/ATIS
  • Choose runway
  • Complete the before-landing checklist
  • Make radio calls
  • Verify mixture/fuel/flaps
  • Maintain a stabilized approach