Chapter Six
This type of learning involves the pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
What is classical conditioning?
This type of memory involves recalling personal experiences, such as your first day of school.
What is episodic memory?
This model is based on the best example of a category, such as a robin being the best example of a bird.
What is the prototype model?
This term describes the brain's elimination of unused synaptic connections to enhance efficiency.
What is synaptic pruning?
This stage of Piaget's theory is where children develop the ability to understand the law of conservation.
What is the concrete operational stage?
This type of learning occurs through the consequences of behavior, such as rewards or punishments.
What is operant conditioning?
This memory system helps with performing tasks like riding a bike, even if you can’t explain how to do it.
What is procedural memory?
Making a decision based on how easily something comes to mind is known as this heuristic.
What is the availability heuristic?
Harlow’s study with monkeys demonstrated the importance of this type of comfort for emotional bonds.
What is contact comfort?
This cognitive development theory explains that learning and growth occur through interactions with the environment and culture.
What is dynamic systems theory?
Thorndike's principle, which states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated.
What is the Law of Effect?
The inability to form new memories after an injury.
What is anterograde amnesia?
This term describes when people fixate on an object’s traditional use, preventing them from seeing alternative uses.
What is functional fixedness?
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they can't be seen is developed in this stage of Piaget's theory.
What is the sensorimotor stage?
The ability to reason and solve problems using information gained from experience is known as this type of intelligence.
What is crystallized intelligence?
In Pavlov’s experiment, this stimulus initially caused no response but eventually triggered salivation after being paired with food.
What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
The failure to recall information due to interference from older memories is known as this.
What is retroactive interference?
Intelligence involving the ability to deal with novel situations and think abstractly is known as this.
What is fluid intelligence?
Kohlberg’s moral development stage where moral reasoning is based on societal rules and seeking approval from others.
What is the conventional stage?
When you can't remember a new password because your old one keeps interfering, this memory problem is to blame.
What is proactive interference?
This type of learning occurs by observing others, as demonstrated by Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment.
What is observational learning?
The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle is called this.
What is the serial position effect?
This theory proposes that there are multiple types of intelligence, such as musical, linguistic, and interpersonal.
What is Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?
This technique is used to determine infants' preferences by measuring how long they look at certain stimuli.
What is the preferential-looking technique?
When a behavior is strengthened by presenting a pleasant stimulus after the behavior, it is known as this.
What is positive reinforcement?